Periocular Region.NCI Thesaurus. The SensagentBox are offered by sensAgent. Mehta, Viraj J. MD, Regardless of whether an offending agent can be identified based on the patient’s history, all periocular use of cosmetics and skin products should be suspended. 464–47, Courtesy by: Patricia Lyra M.D. Minor lid lacerations not involving the lid margin or tarsal plate may be repaired with nylon or polypropylene (or, in some populations such as children, absorbable suture such as plain gut) 6-0 or 7-0 sutures. If a biopsy is taken, histologic findings will vary depending on disease etiology, but usually demonstrates non-specific inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes. Delivered to your inbox!  |  Learn more about Periocular Region. Synonym: The abdomen and its external surface, divided into nine regions by four imaginary planes: two horizontal, one at the level of the ninth costal cartilage (or the lowest point of the costal arch) and the other at the level of the highest point of the iliac crest; two vertical, through the centers of the inguinal ligaments (or through the nipples or through the centers of the clavicles) or curved and coinciding with the lateral borders of the two abdominal rectus muscles. : surrounding the eyeball but within the orbit. Patients should be questioned thoroughly regarding their skincare and makeup routines and asked to identify any new products. The tumor is larger than 20 mm in greatest diameter or has spread to nearby parts of the eye, but it has not spread to the regional lymph nodes or to other areas of the body. Minnesota. Courtesy by: Patricia Henriques Lyra Frasson M.D. Translations of Verbrennung des Augenlides und der Periokularregion from German to Spanish and index of Verbrennung des Augenlides und der Periokularregion in the . If pressure rises, timolol 0.5% twice a day, brimonidine 0.2% or 0.15% twice a day, or both are given. Kang S, Paller A, Soter N, Satoi Y, Rico MJ, Hanifin JM. Periocular dermatitis, also known as periorbital dermatitis, is a common dermatological disorder characterized by inflammation of the eyelids and the skin surrounding the eyes. Actinic keratosis is the most common precancerous skin lesion, affecting about 60% of fair-skinned people over the 4th decade of life. Nature. Actinic keratosis (AK) appears as a hyperkeratotic lesion. This page has been accessed 84,079 times. If there is diplopia or cosmetically unacceptable enophthalmos, surgical repair may be indicated. While it accounts for 70-80% of contact dermatitis as a whole, irritant contact dermatitis plays a lesser role in periocular region as this area has less contact with these irritants than the hands or arms.[7]. Herbst RA, Uter W, Pirker C, Geier J, Frosch PJ. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Get XML access to fix the meaning of your metadata. [11] Rates of metastasis for cutaneous SCC are better defined and reported at 0.3–3.7%. ACD is associated with spongiosis and exocytosis on histology, whereas epidermal necrosis may be seen with ICD. However, the definition of a periocular region is subject to interpretation. [26] However, determining tumor margins clinically may be challenging compared to Basal Cell Carcinoma, as the edges may be less well defined. Orbital invasion has been reported to occur in up to 5.9% of all non-melanoma malignant eyelid carcinomas. Some practitioners prefer to initiate treatment with a calcineurin inhibitor and reserve topical steroids for refractory cases. A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. ). Change the target language to find translations. Ophthalmology , Volume 108 , Issue 11 , 2088 - 2098. International Classification of Disease (ICD), Diagnosis Code from ICD-10 Version 2017 : C44.329, Short Description: Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid and periocular region. Oral antibiotics could be used if patients have sinusitis. Patients with regional lymph node alterations should undergo Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) biopsy to determine if cancer cells have spread to these nodes. Prellung, Periokularregion ICD-10 Diagnose S00.1. The main histological feature of actinic keratosis is dysplasia of keratinocytes, or disordered maturation of these cells. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:413–21. Rev Bras Oftalmol. Nasolabial folds . ], Prellung des Augapfels und des Orbitagewebes S051[àLExclusionDe], All translations of Prellung des Augenlides und der Periokularregion. From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modeling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. 2009;145(12):1391–1396. More differentiated tumors produce keratin. In situ carcinoma is the term for epithelial lesions in which cells have cytological abnormalities characteristic of malignancy (hyperchromatism, pleomorphism, mitoses) and have lost their typical architecture but lack evidence of local invasion or distant metastases. Ophthalmic Pathology. The tumor has spread outside of the eye, with or without spread to the regional lymph nodes, and cannot be surgically removed due to extensive invasion in structures near the eye. Topical corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, loteprednol, fluoromethalone, prednicarbate, and mometasone may be used short-term for mild cases of periocular dermatitis. with malignant eyelid tumors in an incidence cohort in Olmsted County, Radiation therapy is usually used as an adjunct therapy for patients post-operatively who have disease that has spread to nerves/lymph nodes or cancer with poorly defined margins. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pectoral+region, a plane with more or less definite boundaries; called also. o [teenager OR adolescent ], (See also Overview of Eye Trauma Overview of Eye Trauma Common causes of eye injury include domestic or industrial accidents (eg, during hammering or exposure to chemicals or cleaners), assault, sporting injuries (including air- or paint pellet-gun... read more .). Periocular dermatitis typically has a good prognosis, with most cases resolving within one month of treatment. Patients with large and extensive lesions especially with perineurial invasion and recurrent lesions may benefit from Sentinel Lymph node biopsy with radical dissection as indicated, after ruling out distant metastasis. Balasubramanian A, Kannan NS. A fold of skin and its subcutaneous components that covers the anterior globe. A CT scan should be done to look for a foreign body and other injuries, such as fractures. [4], Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is by far the most common cause of periocular dermatitis. Localized side effects include increased redness, swelling, and erosions or ulcerations. Histologically, there is usually hypertrophic actinic keratosis, SCC in situ, or invasive SCC at the base. Chisholm SAM, Couch SM, Custer PL. When 'thingamajig' and 'thingamabob' just won't do, A simple way to keep them apart. Recurrent cancer after treatment. All the above processes may contribute to impaired barrier function, often leading to bacterial or fungal superinfection. [4] A history of ICD in response to a known irritant does not guarantee that the patient will respond with ICD again, as they have now been sensitized and further exposure has potential to initiate an ACD response. V., Gober, M. D., Hick, R., Ridky, T. W., & Seykora, J. T. (2012). Reporte de un caso, Unilateral pectoralis minimus muscle: a case report/ Musculo pectoralis minimus unilateral: reporte de caso, Fibroadenoma in the axillary accessory breast, A Study on Branching of Aortic Arch in the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus, Pallas 1811), The Arteries Root from the Aortic Arch in the Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus, Falconiformes: Accipitridae)/ La Raiz de las Arterias desde el Arco Aortico en el Gavilan (Accipiter nisus, Falconiformes: Accipitridae), Anomalous branching pattern of the 2nd and 3rd part of axillary artery: a case report, pectoral branches of thoracoacromial artery. Lisman RD, Jakobiec FA, Small P. Sebaceous carcinoma of the Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, precommunicating part of anterior cerebral artery, precommunicating part of posterior cerebral artery, precuneal branches of pericallosal artery, Precose Resolution of Optimal Titration to Enhance Current Therapies. All rights reserved. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites ! Neues, nach MDR zertifiziertes Lipidadsorbens. Carcinoma in Lung Transplant Recipients. In radiology, the object of a study or a treatment designed to affect a limited part of the body. Find out more, Prellung des Augenlides und der Periokularregion, Prellung des Augenlides und der Periokularregion S001, Prellung des Augapfels und des Orbitagewebes S051, an offensive content(racist, pornographic, injurious, etc. Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! Contact Us Is there any problem, if an arachnoid cyst ,2cmx1.5cm size, rostral to cerebellar region left untreated? Wichtiger Hinweis zu diesem Artikel. From getting that mole checked, to knowing what you're really putting on your skin when you apply a SPF, skin cancer expert Paul Banwell talks us through the advice we need before we pack.. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Stichworte: Nabel. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86(8), However, characteristic intercellular bridges are generally maintained in all SCC (Figure 2). All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Consequences of blunt trauma to the eye range from eyelid to orbital injury. The English word games are: Can we always rely on the clinical diagnosis? Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. I'm not even sure how I got this infection- my eye was itchy a few days ago and after too much touching-I guess-it got real red and swollen. 2000;118(5):125-30, Treatment Other causes of periocular dermatitis such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis may be more difficult to treat, with recurring episodes requiring multiple rounds of treatment. 2. The wordgames anagrams, crossword, Lettris and Boggle are provided by Memodata. Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare granulomatous uveitis that occurs after penetrating trauma... read more ) and may lose vision to the point of blindness unless treated. Font RL. Eco, Cookies help us deliver our services. Administration of aminocaproic acid 50 to 100 mg/kg orally every 4 hours (not exceeding 30 g/day) for 5 days or transexamic acid 25 mg/kg orally administered 3 times daily for 5 to 7 days may reduce recurrent bleeding, and miotic or mydriatic drugs must also be given. Stewart WB, Nicholson D, Hamilton G, et al. As much of the rest of the body’s skin is either thicker or covered by clothing, the periocular area is often the only skin affected. Consult an ophthalmologist if an eyelid laceration is complicated (eg, through the margin, tarsal plate, or canaliculus, causing ptosis, or exposing orbital fat). It usually develops over a short period of weeks to a few months and may regress spontaneously[20]. JP: We are moving more away from treating the individual nasolabial folds and instead we are augmenting areas to give you lift in the mid-face, which again will correct areas of volume loss further down the face without adding weight to the lower face. PMID: 26225326; PMCID: PMC4513401. Definition of Periocular Region see: Periocular Region Periocular Region is from the group Body Region Other Names for Periocular Region… General appearance of the lesion and periocular skin, Distortion of eyelid architecture or eyelid malposition. 2023. In contrast, the rash classically associated with ICD is limited to the area directly exposed to the irritant. Copyright © 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. [1],[3] Another 14-39.5% of cases are due to atopic dermatitis. [1] Type IV hypersensitivity responses may be induced by a variety of allergens, including ingredients commonly found in eye makeup and perfumes. Saf. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996. The formation of keratin decreases in less well differentiated tumors and is not seen in poorly differentiated SCC. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Histopathologically, these dome shaped lesions have thickened epidermis containing islands of well-differentiated squamous epithelium that may be infiltrated by neutrophils surrounding a central mass of keratin. Gentle and careful use of eyelid retractors or an eyelid speculum makes it possible to open the lids. The location, laterality, and distribution of redness may provide clues as to the offending agent in cases of ACD or ICD. The 5 year survival rate for superficial early stage SCCIS can be as high as 95%. ○   Anagrams Patient discussion about periocular. English Encyclopedia is licensed by Wikipedia (GNU). The cancer’s grade is a predictor of cancer dissemination. Fachgebiete: Allgemeine Anatomie. Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Rarely, recurrent bleeding with secondary glaucoma requires surgical evacuation of the blood. • Use OR to account for alternate terms Each square carries a letter. Find out more, an offensive content(racist, pornographic, injurious, etc. 1973 through 1987. If a commercial instrument is not available, the eyelids can be separated with makeshift retractors fashioned by opening a paperclip to an S shape, then bending the U-shaped ends to 180°. Ophthalmic  |  Temesvári E, Pónyai G, Németh I, Hidvégi B, Sas A, Kárpáti S. Periocular dermatitis: a report of 401 patients. Longitudinal studies in the USA and Canada showed that the age-adjusted incidence of SCC has grown by 50% to 200% over the last decades [9]. Eyelids. mechanisms for preventing cancer. Tetanus prophylaxis is indicated for open globe injuries. Patients should be told to avoid blowing the nose to prevent orbital compartment syndrome from air reflux. Each square carries a letter. ER: You need to know what's caused the nasolabial fold - the nasolabial fat compartment is probably the last fat . If ocular motility is impaired (eg, causing diplopia), extraocular muscles should be assessed for signs of entrapment. Cook, Layering is seen as a meniscus-like blood level in the dependent (usually inferior) part of the anterior chamber. Patient Info Series. There is a strong association of Bowen's disease with HPV (human papilloma virus) infection, mainly type 16[19]. Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. Patients who are at high risk of recurrent bleeding (eg, those with large hyphemas, bleeding diatheses, anticoagulant use, or sickle cell disease), who have IOP that is difficult to control, or who are likely to be nonadherent to recommended treatment may be hospitalized. [2], Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is caused by injury to the skin due to friction, temperature, or chemicals such as acids, alkalis, detergents, and solvents. Sahni, D., Darley, C. R., & Hawk, J. L. M. (2004). Options include Mohs’ micrographic surgery or excision with frozen-section control. International Journal of Oncology, 9, 609-611. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.9.4.609. 3rd ed. • Use – to remove results with certain terms The main symptom is gradual, painless vision blurring. The red reflex is absent (possibly indicating vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal injury). Topical antibiotics are avoided. If applied over large areas, it may cause flu-like symptoms. A full thickness biopsy is the gold standard to diagnose SCC as it can determine the depth of invasion and extent of invasion of the cancer. cell carcinoma. suprapubic region the abdominal region that is inferior and central in location, below the . Ophthalmology 1999;106:746–50. Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. Because fungal contamination of open wounds is dangerous, corticosteroids are contraindicated until after wounds are closed surgically. Vomiting, which can increase intraocular pressure (IOP) and contribute to extravasation of ocular contents, is suppressed using antiemetics as needed. Definition. 2001;411(6835):366–374.  |  Symptoms can include sudden vision loss, as well as diplopia, eye pain, and lid swelling.  |  Systemic chemotherapy is used for advanced SCC that has metastasized to other sites of the body. If malignant orbital invasion is diagnosed, it is appropriate to collaborate with a multidisciplinary team in planning management. At a minimum, the following are noted: Visual acuity Assessing Visual Acuity, In descending order of acuity, vision is assessed as, Counting fingers while noting distance (eg, counting fingers at about 1 inch [3 cm]). The wide area on the lateral region of the neck covered by sternocleidomastoid muscle. Radiation therapy as the only modality of therapy is only reserved for patients for whom surgery is too risky. Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, Scheynius A, Wahlgren C. Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients. , MSc - Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Mit Dank im Voraus C. Völkel Patients may benefit from referral to an allergy specialist for more intensive patch testing if the offending agent cannot be determined from their history. Additionally, conventional patch testing may not detect allergens found in the patient’s ocular medications, therefore direct application of the patient’s individual medications may be required to determine the source of the allergen. Patients may have facial or orbital pain, diplopia, enophthalmos, hypesthesia of the cheek and upper lip (due to infraorbital nerve entrapment or injury), epistaxis, and/or subcutaneous emphysema. in basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma of the skin from Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Summerbell RC, Faergemann J. Quantitative culture of Malassezia species from different body sites of individuals with or without dermatoses. ○   Boggle. Brought to you by Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside the US and Canada) — dedicated to using leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. Anything that increases orbital volume (air, blood, or pus in the orbit) can lead to an OCS. [11] Eligible patients may be referred for surgical management of glaucoma. While nickel allergy is the most common Type IV hypersensitivity overall, and nickel may be a component of certain cosmetics, it may play a lesser role in the prevalence of periocular dermatitis. In some cases the rash associated with ACD will have defined borders, however spreading is common and sites far from the initial rash may be affected. [4] Among the most common reasons for contact dermatitis that affects the eyelids is the use of hair dye, especially those that contain p- phenylenediamine. Genome maintenance An ophthalmologist should attend to the patient as soon as possible. ICD10SGBV (die deutsche Fassung) wird in Deutschland als Schlüssel zur Angabe von Diagnosen, vor allem zur Abrechnung mit den Krankenkassen, verwendet. Evaluation can be difficult when massive lid edema or laceration is present. Leibovitch I, Uncomplicated contusions are treated with ice packs to inhibit swelling during the first 24 to 48 hours. There are a variety of possible etiologies, including: Periocular dermatitis is a common skin complaint, and is present in 3.9% to 4.8% of patients presenting for patch testing. Nine abdominopelvic regions. Common triggers include pollen, dust mites, animal hair, and latex. I don't use glasses or contacts so I'm kinda bad at this- never gave my eye any special attention...thanks! http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/squamous-cell-carcinoma/DS00924, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1212601-overview, https://www.aao.org/image/squamous-cell-carcinoma-3, https://eyewiki.org/w/index.php?title=Squamous_Carcinoma_of_the_Eyelid&oldid=92439. Prellung des Augenlides und der Periokularregion (n.)↕, Prellung des Augenlides und der Periokularregion S001[ClasseHyper. (T3a, N0, M0). transplantation. any eye professionals there? Enter search terms to find related medical topics, multimedia and more. Alam M, Brown RN, Silber DH, et al. Peripheral regions are influenced by state formation and expansion, and one local reaction to external state influence is to adopt some or all of the features of centralized states. Hyphema may be followed by recurrent bleeding, intraocular pressure (IOP) abnormalities, and/or blood staining of the cornea, any of which may result in permanent vision loss. [12] Patch testing suffers from the same issues as ROAT: truncal skin may not be as susceptible to allergens as the periocular region. Get XML access to reach the best products. Testing for bleeding abnormalities should be considered if the cause of the hyphema is not known. High rates of neomycin allergy have contributed to many surgeons reluctance to use it post-procedurally, however there is some evidence that neomycin, polymyxin B, and dexamethasone ophthalmic ointment can be used in this regard with lower rates of allergic reaction than would be expected. Treatment is... read more, Glaucoma Overview of Glaucoma Glaucomas are a group of eye disorders characterized by progressive optic nerve damage in which an important part is a relative increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) that can lead to irreversible... read more. English thesaurus is mainly derived from The Integral Dictionary (TID). Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and other 1997; 56(10):765-7. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. IOP can rise acutely (within hours, usually in patients with sickle cell disease or trait) or months to years later. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. São Paulo Med J. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Q. how long does an eye infection suppose to last if I don't usually have any eye problems? The tumor may be clinically indistinguishable from a basal cell carcinoma (BCC), but usually it does not have superficial vascularization, it grows more rapidly, and hyperkeratosis is more frequent. [11] For cases of ACD and ICD, relapse depends on the successful identification of the causative agent and subsequent avoidance of it. The tumor has not metastasized to distant parts of the body (T4, any N, M0). adj., adj re´gional. Such anomalous branching pattern may represent persisting branches of the capillary plexus of the developing limb buds and their unusual course may be a cause for concern to the vascular radiologists and surgeons and may lead to complications in surgeries involving the axilla and the, During a routine dissection of upper limbs for undergraduate students, an aberrant muscle was observed on the right, (1-6) This line represents the location of the embryonic mammary ridges which involutes except for the two segments located in the, The common carotid arteries and the subclavian artery supply the head, the cervical and, Such anomalous branching pattern may represent persisting branches of the capillary plexus of the developing limb buds and their unusual course may be a cause for concern to the vascular radiologists and surgeons, and may lead to complications in surgeries involving the axilla and, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, Abnormal branching of the axillary artery: subscapular common trunk. Code C62645. Reported rates of metastasis for eyelid SCC vary from 1–21%. (See also Overview of Eye Trauma.) “Periocular.” Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/periocular. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée. Hair dye dermatitis and p-phenylenediamine contact sensitivity: A preliminary report. [8][9][10] Additionally, multifactorial presentations are common, such as when a patient becomes sensitized to an agent that initially caused an irritant contact dermatitis and subsequently develops an allergic contact dermatitis.[8]. Liebes Forum, ich brauche dringend eine augenärztliche Fachmeinung: Gehört das Jochbein noch zur Periokularregion bzw. [3] It may develop de novo but often may arise from preexisting lesions such as actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease), xeroderma pigmentosum, or following radiotherapy. Multiple resources are available to provide patients with information on product ingredients and how to avoid various compounds (see Additional Resources). Medial and roof fractures also can occur. J Immunother Cancer. Contact Us Sterolsan ist u. a. für Männer zur Gewichtsreduktion bestimmt. According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM Staging 7th edition, SCC can be staged as shown below in figure 6 : [24], T stands for the primary tumor size, location, and invasion level. The English word games are: Successful treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower eyelid with High Dose Exposure to Voriconazole is Associated with Cutaneous Squamous Cell Der ICD10 ist eine internationale Klassifikation von Diagnosen. the vast or indefinite entirety of a space or area, or something compared to one: the regions of the mind. Tips: browse the semantic fields (see From ideas to words) in two languages to learn more. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. (See also Overview of Eye Trauma.) It can be found in various locations on the body including the skin, anus, cervix, head/neck, vagina, esophagus, urinary bladder, prostate, and lungs. AK is a direct precursor to squamous cell carcinoma and a risk factor for other skin cancers. Detection of human papillomavirus in epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva. Neomycin is also commonly observed to cause contact dermatitis, largely due to its frequent use among the general population allowing sensitization. Vesicles may progress to oozing and crusting, with chronic exposure leading to lichenification. Squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by full thickness atypia with increased mitotic activity of the squamous cells (Figure 1). Allergic and non-allergic periorbital dermatitis: patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology during a 5-year period. Improper use... read more ). Specialists from oncology, radiation oncology, and other disciplines should be involved based on the extent and location of tumor invasion. Uncomplicated contusions are treated with ice packs to inhibit swelling during the first 24 to 48 hours. Improper use... read more and combating possible infection with systemic antimicrobials as for intraocular foreign bodies Intraocular foreign bodies . Hyphema, best diagnosed by slit-lamp examination, requires bed rest with head elevation at 30 to 45° and close monitoring of intraocular pressure. What is Periocular Region? Lacerations of the lid margin are best repaired by an ophthalmic surgeon to ensure accurate apposition and to avoid a notch in the contour. If globe laceration is suspected, measures that can be taken before an ophthalmologist is available consist of applying a protective shield Treatment Corneal abrasions are self-limited, superficial epithelial defects. Mensing CO, Mensing CH, Mensing H. Treatment with pimecrolimus cream 1% clears irritant dermatitis of the periocular region, face and neck. These include resins, solvents, volatile oils, preservatives, and pigment. Durchsuchen Sie die Anwendungsbeispiele 'periokular' im großartigen Deutsch-Korpus. The posterior divisions (right and left) are the scapular, infrascapular, interscapular, and suprascapular. presternal region the region of the thorax overlying the sternum, bounded laterally by the pectoral regions. Appearance can vary depending on the offending agent and ranges from xerosis to burns, however most cases appear as erythematous macules or papules.

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