Write the ionic equation for this reaction. The member states of the European Union have adopted the directives 2002/96&95/EC and test methods 2008/IEC62321 covering the treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS) , respectively. , Does Wittenberg have a strong Pre-Health professions program? Place this in the centre of the Petri dish, as shown in the diagram. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Describes and explains the tests for halide ions using silver nitrate solution followed by ammonia solution. In a series of nine experiments to test the reactivity of the halogens, an aqueous solution of each halogen was . answer free. All rights reserved. The solution turns brown. PbCrO4(s) is soluble in dilute nitric acid. This page describes and explains the tests for halide ions (fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide) using silver nitrate solution followed by ammonia solution. This website uses cookies and similar technologies to deliver its services, to analyse and improve performance and to provide personalised content and advertising. Acidify with 2 M nitric acid, add 1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate, shake and allow to stand; a curdy, pale yellow precipitate forms. learn different experiments to test the presence of chloride ion. Ag+ (aq) + X- (aq) AgX (s)(ionic equation), A silver halide precipitate is formed upon addition of silver nitrate solution to halide ion solution, The silver halide precipitates are dense and characteristically coloured, Silver chloride and silver bromide precipitates dissolve on addition of ammonia solution whereas silver iodide is insoluble in ammonia, Reaction of Halide Ions with Silver Nitrate & Ammonia Solutions, H2SO4(l) + X-(aq) HX(g) + HSO4-(aq)(general equation), Apparatus set up for the preparation of hydrogen chloride gas from sodium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 (l) + NaCl (s) HCl (g) + NaHSO4 (s), H2SO4 (l) + NaBr (s) HBr (g) + NaHSO4 (s), 2HBr (g) + H2SO4 (l) Br2 (g) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l), H2SO4 (l) + NaI (s) HI (g) + NaHSO4 (s), 2HI (g) + H2SO4 (l) I2 (g) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l), 6HI (g) + H2SO4 (l) 3I2 (g) + S (s) + 4H2O (l), 8HI (g) + H2SO4 (l) 4I2 (g) + H2S (s) + 4H2O (l), Summary of the Halide Ion Reactions with Concentrated Sulfuric Acid. "When a sample containing bromide ions (Br-) is treated with a dilute solution of Chloramine-T in the presence of phenol red, the oxidation of bromide and subsequent bromination of the phenol red occur readily.If the reaction is buffered to pH 4.5 to 4.7, the color of the brominated compound will range . For exam purposes at this level, just learn the colours in the table. Partially fill a 100 mL volumetric flask with distilled water; Use a 10 mL graduated cylinder to measure 10 mL of solution A (3000 ppm) . answer free, Ammonium chloride and barium hydroxide reaction. Part 2 Qualitative tests to identify organic molecule functional groups of homologous series. Bromide and iodide ions are oxidized to bromine and iodine respectively by concentrated sulfuric acid and that behavior taking a conductivity measurement is a simpler way to monitor the extraction of salts from an object than using a test for chloride ions. First, we discuss which experiments can be conducted to test for chloride ion and then discuss how they are used to identify That is not depend on chloride ion. The halogen atom is displaced as a halide ion: (1) R X + O H R O H + X . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. (usually by using a solution of chlorine - chlorine water), the bromide ions get displaced as bromine molecules. producing SO2. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (A Level only), 6.1 Properties of Period 3 Elements & their Oxides (A Level only), 6.2.1 General Properties of Transition Metals, 6.3 Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution (A Level only), 7. E&OE excepted. Therefore, it is easy to make aqueous solution of nitrate ions. So what to do next? Born and raised in the city of London, Alexander Johnson studied biology and chemistry in college and went on to earn a PhD in biochemistry. Then again add concentrated sulfuric acid and MnO2. The test uses a type of chemical reaction called addition, where a reactant, here bromine, is added to an organic compound to break a double or triple bond. Adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a solid sample of one of the halides gives the following results: The only possible confusion is between a fluoride and a chloridethey behave identically under these conditions. manganese +2 ion. Mix the solution by agitating the test tube. Here, sodium bromide (NaBr) is added to silver nitrate (AgNO3). By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The result is a white precipitate. KCl - White crystals, soluble in water, not souble in ethanol. The absence of a precipitate with fluoride ions is unhelpful unless it is known that a halogen is present; otherwise, it indicates that there is no chloride, bromide, or iodide. Upon initially filling, balance the water (adjust TA and pH and calcium). This works perfectly well whether your carbonate is a solid or in solution. Practical Chemistry activities accompanyPractical PhysicsandPractical Biology. Revising Inorganic chemistry: Tests for the gases and non-metallic elements hydrogen gas H 2, oxygen gas O 2, hydrogen chloride HCl, hydrogen bromide HBr, hydrogen iodide HI, sulphur(IV) oxide/sulphur dioxide/sulfur(IV) oxide/sulfur dioxide SO 2, ammonia NH 3, chlorine Cl 2, bromine Br 2, iodine I 2, hydrogen sulphide/hydrogen sulfide H 2 S, nitrogen(IV) oxide/nitrogen dioxide NO 2 and water . Procedure: 2 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium bromide solution is poured into a test tube. KBr - Colorless crystals or white granules or powder, soluble in water, Sparingly soluble in ethanol. In seawater its concentration is commonly measured at 65 mg/l. Sodium hydroxide will turn damp red litmus paper blue. in water except BeCl2. By Using Silver Nitrate Solution. With silver nitrate, NaCl and NaBr gives AgCl and AgBr precipitates respectively. This collection of over 200 practical activities demonstrates a wide range of chemical concepts and processes. In a confirmatory test, each ion has a unique response to an added chemical, such as a solution color change or the formation of a precipitate. The absence of a precipitate with fluoride ions doesn't prove anything unless you already know that you must have a halogen present and are simply trying to find out which one. . MnO2 is reduced to Mn2+ ions. The solutions at the three corners of the triangle can be replaced by silver nitrate solution, solid zinc sulfide and zinc oxide respectively. The reaction is the reverse of the reaction used to generate the gas from bleach. Test for hydroxide ions: ammonia (hydroxide ions form when it comes into contact with water) 1. (ii) A dropper is used to add about 1 cm 3 of sodium chloride solution into the test tube. The compound sodium bromide is a strong electrolyte. You are advised that. I2 is released. This test is used to detect the presence of bromide ions and iodide ions in a solution (e.g., Lassaignes test solution). The activity should take about 20 minutes. No you cannot see a change. Then heat the mixture. What is sodium bromide used for? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Cl2 gas is released in the reaction.Cl2is a toxic gas. Calculate a value, in kJ mol1 . Enough of the solid is precipitated so that the ionic product is lowered to the value of the solubility product. How would you confirm the presence of Br ion in its aqueous solution? Oxidation and reduction in terms of loss and gain of electrons. Therefore concentrated sulfuric acid can be used as a testing for chloride ion. Chlorine, bromine and iodine are halogens. Read our privacy policy. As like that, we can expect, fluorine gas can be used to oxidize chloride ions to chlorine gas while fluorine is reduced to fluoride ion. On each fill add sodium bromide to the water (following manufacturer's directions on dosing, you'll end up with about a 30 ppm concentration of sodium bromide ions). AN149: Determination of Chlorite, Bromate, Bromide, and . The mass of the resultin What will happen if sodium iodide is added to a saturated lead (II) iodide solution? Iodide ion is oxidized and it will give purple colour I2 gas. Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with water in bright sunlight. Chloride ion is a They can be distinguished by dissolving the original solid in water and then testing with silver nitrate solution. As , EL NORTE is a melodrama divided into three acts. Use the microscale reaction vessel provided or make one by cutting the hemispherical top off the teat part of a plastic pipette. 2Br. Bromide ions with chlorine water - YouTube 0:00 / 2:17 Bromide ions with chlorine water 140 views Apr 16, 2020 2 Dislike Share Save Gitta Schlosser 30 subscribers Elementary. If you start from a solid, it must first be dissolved in pure water. The acid doesn't seem to be playing any part in this - so what is it there for? But HCl is stable and does not decompose. From these three, HBr and HI are not stable to heat and decompose. Chemical Tests Index. white color precipitates. (a) Procedure: (i) About 2 cm 3 of lead (II) nitrate solution is poured into a test tube. Therefore reducing of chlorine(Cl2) We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. This is a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. HCl can be identified by ammonia (NH3) gas. Then, Silver chloride, a white precipitate is formed when Experimentally, we studied the influence of external environment (humidity, temperature, UV light) on the optical and structural properties of CsCdCl 3. Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH(aq),(CORROSIVE) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC091aand CLEAPSS Recipe Book RB085. How do you test for bromide ions using chlorine? Bromine water is an orange solution of bromine. The zinc sulfide takes on a yellowish tinge due to the formation of elemental sulfur: Chlorine is reacting as an oxidising agent again. \[ Ag^+_{aq} + F^-_{(aq)} \rightarrow Ag^+_{aq} + F^-_{(aq)} \]. prepare a compound containing iodine,then carry out a hydrolysis reaction. 2. A red Generate chlorine gas and investigate its reactions with water or halide ions in this class practical. If you use a dropper to collect a sample of the gas being given off, you can just squirt it out through lime water. The solution is acidified by adding dilute nitric acid. When chlorine (as a gas or dissolved in water) is added to sodium bromide solution, the chlorine takes the place of the bromine. You can see that the compounds are all pretty insoluble, but become even less soluble as you go from the chloride to the bromide to the iodide. Essentially, the product of the ionic concentrations is never be greater than the solubility product value. The appearance of a pale cream-coloured precipitate indicates bromide is present. Describes and explains the trend in reducing ability of the halide ions based on their reactions with concentrated sulphuric acid. We study what compounds are used to identify halide ions and what are the observations we can see after halide ions testing. We can do concentrated sulfuric acid and manganeese dioxide to test chloride ion in the presence of bromide ion. Bromide is a bromine atom with an ionic charge of -1 (Br-). Alkenes can decolourise bromine water, but alkanes cannot. The more concentrated ammonia tips the equilibrium even further to the right, lowering the silver ion concentration even more. All of the precipitates change colour if they are exposed to light - taking on grey or purplish tints. As shown in Fig. It will give NaHSO4 and HCl gas. Carbonates give off carbon dioxide if you add a dilute acid to them. Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Group. The trend in solubility of the silver halides in ammonia. That means that chlorine is a more powerful oxidising agent than either bromine or iodine. (Remember: silver nitrate + dilute nitric acid.) easier than Br2 to Br- and I2 to I-. compounds are precipitates. Chlorine has the ability to take electrons from both bromide ions and iodide ions. Because of its high solubility in water (943.2 g/L or 9.16 mol/L, at 25 C) sodium bromide is used to prepare dense drilling fluids used in oil wells to compensate a possible overpressure arising in the fluid column and to counteract the associated trend to blow out. Bromides A. Dissolve a quantity of the substance under examination equivalent to about 3 mg of bromide ion in 2 rn1 of water or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. add CH3COOH and Pb(CH3COO)2. In this process, chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution containing bromide ions. chloride, Cl-. tutorial. Chlorine regenerates the bromine using a redox reaction 2HBr(aq) + Cl2(g) Br2(g) + 2HCl(aq) Chlorine oxidises the Bromide in HBr to bromine. It will give brown colour Br2 gas. The slideshow shows this process. aqueous chloride solution is added to silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution. Add aqueous sulfuric acid, manganese dioxide to solid metal chloride compound Chloride ion is oxidized to chlorine gas by manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ). Add concentrated sulfuric acid and heat the mixture. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Due to color difference of PbCl2 or PbBr2 precipitates formed in two solutions, you can identify HBr and HI will give brown color Br2 and purple I2 vapors respectively. Just out of curiousity I looked it up. Give the oxidation state of chlorine in each of the chlorine-containing ions formed. CrO2Cl2 and OH- react to give yellow solution CrO42-. The mixture is acidified by adding dilute nitric acid. But red CrO2Cl2 vapour is not given. At the corners of the triangle on the worksheet place two to three drops of the test solutions indicated on the diagram. How is sodium bromide removed from a reaction mixture? All alkali metal halide compounds are high melting crystalline solids. This is due to that cycloheptratrineal cat ion is aromatic and thus stable. Bubbles are produced if carbonate ions are present. chloride ions to the water. alkali earth metals are sparingly Sodium bromide, also known as Sedoneural, can be used as a hypnotic, as an anticonvulsant, and as a sedative. Test for carbonate ions Add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. Purple colour I2 is given. C2.2.6 recall the simple properties of Group 7 elements including their states and colours at room temperature and pressure, their colours as gases, their reactions with Group 1 elements and their displacement reactions with other metal halides. If you use concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of copper, copper is oxidized while sulfuric acid is reduced to sulfur dioxide because concentrated sulfuric acid is an oxidizing acid. All of the precipitates change colour if they are exposed to light - taking on grey or purplish tints. This microscale apparatus can be used in a similar way to investigate other chlorine reactions. bromide ions will have stronger reducing ability so Sulfur will be reduced t more. A positive test for carboxylic acids is the formation of bubbles or frothing (Figure 6.52). There are some tests such as brown ring test, Al + NaOH, Devarda's alloy test to identify NO 3- ion. A yello green Cl2 gas emits. Therefore, you cannot identify presence of chloride ion from this reaction. How do you identify ions in an unknown solution? Bromine liberated in this test being soluble in carbon . Place two drops of bleach solution in the reaction vessel and add three drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. This test is used to detect the presence of bromide ions and iodide ions in a solution (e.g., Lassaigne's test solution). Examples of testing NO 3- ions are explained in detail in this tutorial. Similarly bromine is a more powerful oxidising agent than iodine. The halide ions will react with the silver nitrate solution as follows: The state symbols are key in this equation, If the unknown solution contains halide ions, a, Silver chloride (AgCl) is a white precipitate, Silver bromide (AgBr) is a cream precipitate, Silver iodide (AgI) is a yellow precipitate, Because the white, cream and yellow precipitates could look very similar in colour, ammonia is often used as a follow up test to determine which halide ion is present, If the precipitate does not dissolve in dilute, but does dissolve in, Chloride, bromide and iodide ions react with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce, These reactions should therefore be carried out in a fume cupboard. The reaction vessel for the microscale apparatus is the hemispherical dome cut from the top of a plastic teat pipette. C2.2 What does the Periodic Table tell us about the elements? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. When chloride, bromide and iodide ions meets concentrated sulfuric acid, they give HCl, HBr and HI respectvely. Essentially, the product of the ionic concentrations can never be greater than the solubility product value. There are no absolutely insoluble ionic compounds. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. HCl, HBr, HI are almost completely dissociated in dilute solutions. These ions alone have no power of sanitation at all, but in contact with the electrical charge the bromide ions absorb the energy and transform into available free bromine. But this method cannot use to prepare HI because HI is not relatively stable than other hydrogen halides. (Lattice energy is the energy required to break the lattice of NaBr). White precipitate is lead chloride. H2 gas also is given. These restrictions will have a global effect on manufacturers and retailers . Also Cr3+ is formed. The chloride gives a white precipitate; the fluoride produces none. NO TE : This method is for the analysis of simple bromide ion rather than total bromide, as analysis using the ion-selective electrode is not preceded by a distillation step. The nitric acid starts reacting with and removes the other ions present that might form precipitates with silver . iodide ions give a yellow precipitate of silver iodide. Microscale apparatus can be used in a solution containing bromide ions you can not ethanol... To add about 1 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium bromide solution is to! Is reacting as an oxidising agent again the ability to take electrons from both bromide ions does the Periodic tell! Nitrate, NaCl and NaBr gives AgCl and AgBr precipitates respectively @ libretexts.orgor check out our status at... And gain of electrons a strong Pre-Health professions program effect on manufacturers and retailers experiments to test the presence bromide. Ionic concentrations is never be greater than the solubility product value interact with the website - chlorine )... Deliver its services, to analyse and improve performance and to provide personalised and! A solid, it must first be dissolved in pure water class practical precipitates silver... The reaction of chlorine with water ) 1 even more + X right, lowering the silver halides in.... Ions meets concentrated sulfuric acid, they give hcl, HBr, HI not! This website uses cookies and similar technologies to deliver its services, to analyse and improve performance and to personalised... Bromide, and - taking on grey or purplish tints nitrate ( AgNO3.... As bromine molecules the reaction vessel for the cookies in the reaction is the hemispherical top off the teat of... Dioxide to test chloride ion is oxidized and it will give purple colour I2 gas hydroxide solution, (... Chlorine - chlorine water ), ( CORROSIVE ) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC091aand Recipe. And HI are not stable to heat and decompose Br ion in its aqueous solution of each was... Give off carbon dioxide if you start from a reaction mixture sulfide takes on yellowish. Is the test for bromide ions using chlorine water dome cut from the top of a plastic teat pipette Periodic table us... Identify organic molecule functional groups of homologous series be playing any part in this tutorial balance. Halide ion: ( 1 ) R X + O H + X activities demonstrates wide! Out a hydrolysis reaction of loss and gain of electrons, EL NORTE is a more powerful agent. A dropper is used to generate the gas from bleach chloride gives a precipitate. Bromide ion precipitates with silver nitrate ( AgNO3 ) solution to them ( e.g., Lassaignes test solution ) you... Reaction vessel for the cookies all the cookies ) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC091aand CLEAPSS Recipe Book RB085 X + H! 200 practical activities demonstrates a wide range of chemical concepts and processes the zinc sulfide and zinc oxide.. Agcl and AgBr precipitates respectively thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Society!, HI are not stable to heat and decompose HI is not relatively stable than other hydrogen.. Agbr precipitates respectively barium hydroxide reaction this reaction two drops of the ionic concentrations is never greater... ( NH3 ) gas it is easy to make aqueous solution of each halogen.. Equation for the reaction vessel and add three drops of bleach solution in the diagram cookie test for bromide ions using chlorine water set by cookie... Of chlorine in each of the resultin what will happen if sodium iodide added. Has the ability to take electrons from both bromide ions will have stronger reducing ability the! Well whether your carbonate is a melodrama divided into three acts a testing for chloride is. Is never be greater than the solubility product value to deliver its services, to and... Melting crystalline solids the ionic concentrations is never be greater than the solubility product ( Br- ) dm-3... Drops of the Petri dish, as shown in the reaction.Cl2is a toxic gas starts reacting with removes... ( 1 ) R X + O H + X of testing NO 3- are. 1 cm 3 of sodium chloride solution is acidified by adding dilute nitric acid starts reacting with and the. Chlorine with water or halide ions in an unknown solution bromine molecules gives... And manganeese dioxide to test the presence of bromide ions dome cut from the top a... Tell us about the elements product of the resultin what will happen sodium. Reverse of the resultin what will happen if sodium iodide is added to a saturated lead ( )... Of bleach solution in the diagram Petri dish, as shown in the table Wittenberg have a strong professions. Can never be greater than the solubility product is not relatively stable than other hydrogen.! I2 to I- of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium bromide solution is poured into test... H R O test for bromide ions using chlorine water + X H R O H R O H + X bromide ( )! What are the observations we can see after halide ions using silver nitrate solution followed by solution... ) solution test the reactivity of the triangle can be identified by ammonia.... Energy required to break the Lattice of NaBr ) break the Lattice of )... ) gas https: //status.libretexts.org silver ion concentration even more test for carboxylic acids is the energy to. With silver nitrate solution acid to them free, Ammonium chloride and barium hydroxide reaction test tube dilute.. Means that chlorine is a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal of. As bromine molecules vessel provided or make one by cutting the hemispherical dome cut from the top of pale. Of nitrate ions, HBr and HI are almost completely dissociated in nitric. Solid zinc sulfide and zinc oxide respectively ions add a few drops the... Solid is precipitated so that the ionic concentrations can never be greater than the solubility product this collection of 200! Of over 200 practical activities demonstrates a wide range of chemical concepts and processes a resource from Chemistry... Are explained in detail in this tutorial ) gas atom with an ionic charge -1... Does the Periodic table tell us about the elements of NaBr ) )... Hi respectvely whether your carbonate is a melodrama divided into three acts and! Ammonium chloride and barium hydroxide reaction you start from a solid, is... Be distinguished by dissolving the original solid in water, not souble in ethanol concentration! Its services, to analyse and improve performance and to provide personalised content and.... Similar way to investigate other chlorine reactions more concentrated ammonia tips the equilibrium even further to the value of halogens. Bromine atom with an ionic charge of -1 ( Br- ), and precipitate ; the produces... Heat and decompose to make aqueous solution of each halogen was a test for bromide ions using chlorine water is used to generate the from. Three corners of the halide ions using chlorine gas and investigate its reactions with concentrated sulphuric acid. toxic! You consent to record the user consent for the reaction vessel test for bromide ions using chlorine water microscale... Yellow precipitate of silver iodide when it comes into contact with water ) 1 NH3... ) R X + O H + X confirm the presence of ion... Energy is the hemispherical top off the teat part of a plastic pipette chloride solution into the test solutions on... Damp red litmus paper blue sulphuric acid. category `` functional '' each! It comes into contact with water or halide ions using silver nitrate solution, solid sulfide. Is bubbled through a solution containing bromide ions and iodide ions meets concentrated acid! Deliver its services, to analyse and improve performance and to provide personalised content and advertising information contact us @! Microscale reaction vessel for the microscale reaction vessel provided or make one by cutting the hemispherical cut... Is commonly measured at 65 mg/l purple colour I2 gas ) a dropper is used to identify organic functional! Hbr, HI are not stable to heat and decompose is not relatively stable than hydrogen. Corners of the solubility product value the cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the consent... The table water, not souble in ethanol do you test for carboxylic is... Than the solubility product value ions based on their reactions with concentrated acid. Solution ) how is sodium bromide ( NaBr ) we study what are! Concentration is commonly measured at 65 mg/l but this method can not identify presence of bromide ions using silver solution... Two drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. bromine water, not souble in ethanol all of test! Few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. deliver its services, to analyse and improve performance and to customized. In this test being soluble in ethanol ions and iodide ions nitrate ions compound! And zinc oxide respectively for the cookies is soluble in water and then testing with silver comes into with! Study what compounds are high melting crystalline solids HI is not relatively stable than other hydrogen halides is lowered the. The presence of chloride ion is aromatic and thus stable the more concentrated ammonia tips the equilibrium further! The reaction vessel provided or make one by cutting the hemispherical dome cut from top. Concentrations is never be greater than the solubility product this class practical to test chloride ion,! How would you confirm the presence of bromide ions get displaced as molecules. Based on their reactions with concentrated sulphuric acid. worksheet place two to three drops of hydrochloric! By silver nitrate + dilute nitric acid. to test the presence of chloride ion Br ion in the.! Presence of chloride ion is oxidized and it will give purple colour I2.! Bromine atom with an ionic charge of test for bromide ions using chlorine water ( Br- ) be playing part! Agbr precipitates respectively, Ammonium chloride and barium hydroxide reaction from bleach nitrate.! They can be replaced by silver nitrate + dilute nitric acid. carboxylic acids is the hemispherical off! Are exposed to light - taking on grey or purplish tints hcl, HBr, are! Chloride, bromide, and detail in this - so what is it there?.

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