Hetherington, Penelope. [227] Widespread dissatisfaction with the slow pace of socio-economic transformation, government incompetence and maladministration, and other public grievances in the post-apartheid era, precipitated many violent protest demonstrations. Over 7,000 South Africans were killed, and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the course of the war. [242] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) found that competition over jobs, business opportunities, public services and housing gave rise to tension among refugees, asylum seekers, migrants and host communities, identified as a main cause of the xenophobic violence. [23] The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory, forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas. Afrikaner settlers in particular were loath to live under Moshoesoe's authority and among Africans.[84]. 78. After considerable debate, and following submissions from advocacy groups, individuals and ordinary citizens, the Parliament enacted a new Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1996. It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the affairs of the region, which the British named Transorange. It was brought to South Africa in 1661 by Dutch people employed by the Dutch East India Company.. Botha (pronounced / b r t / in non-rhotic dialects of English, Afrikaans pronunciation: ) is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Friso-Saxon Both. The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction. In a referendum held on 17 March 1992, the white electorate voted 68% in favour of democracy. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. [134] The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by King George V to "native troops" that served the Empire, the British War Medal in bronze, was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC. A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto-Afrikaans speaking white population. It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as "Bantustans" or the "original homes", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. However, there was competition for land, and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779. Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand. [59] Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.[60]. The July 2021 unrest coincided with the Cape Town taxi conflict[253] and Transnet ransomware attack[254][255] leading to unproven speculation that they might have been connected. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. [240][241], The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa. Gill: Gill is a Punjabi surname. Over several hundred years, borders have been made, changed and broken, making family history difficult to trace. The country became a fully sovereign nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. [57] The Boers accepted British annexation in 1844. In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant F G Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal, which would later become the port of Durban, so named after Benjamin D'Urban, a governor of the Cape Colony. Kaya (Southern African origin), meaning "restful place," and is a Zulu name pronounced KAH-yah. [179] The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. The British elements strongly supported the war, and formed by far the largest military component. George McCall Theal, "Discovery of diamonds and its consequences", in. This was the 499th most popular girl name in the U.K. in 2005, with 70 newborns being named Aamina. 1972. 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports, where they were housed in segregated compounds. [226], In 2014, around 47% of (mostly black) South Africans lived in poverty, making it one of the most unequal countries in the world. 2. Mannan is also a Muslim surname. The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades. 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Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress. Fourie, J. 1. On 4 November 1977, the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the Charter of the United Nations. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. By 1869, diamonds were found at some distance from any stream or river, in hard rock called blue ground, later called kimberlite, after the mining town of Kimberley where the diamond diggings were concentrated. Popular South African Surnames and Meanings Abara - This surname is of Igbo origin and it means "spirit." Adebisi - The meaning of this last name is "the king" and it is of Yoruba origin. [154], The segregationist policies of apartheid stemmed from colonial legislation introduced during the period of Dutch rule in the 17th century, which was continued and expanded upon during the British colonial era, and reached its apogee during the Boer-dominated Union of South Africa. [91], The Bapedi wars, also known as the Sekhukhune wars, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekhukhune I, in the northeastern region known as Sekhukhuneland, bordering on Swaziland. Alternatively, if you wish to search for a specific person then please enter the details in the . 29. [249][250] By mid-July, the South African National Defense Forces had deployed approximately 25,000 military personnel. [96], The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. This Second AngloBoer War, also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first, with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. Wilson Center Digital Archives, International History Declassified, Inge Tvedten, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction, SIPRI Yearbook: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. "[215], Following the ANC's electoral victory in 1994, the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented. An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba, discovered in 2008. . [198] The armed wing of the ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (abbreviation MK, meaning Spear of the Nation) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war. These are the 10 most common African American surnames according to the 2000 census: Williams: Williams is a patronymic of English origin of someone with a forebear named William. Thousands more served in the British Army directly, with over 3,000 joining the British Royal Flying Corps and over 100 volunteering for the Royal Navy. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. [162] Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land In South Africa's Caledon Valley And The Invention Of The Mfecane", "First Indian workers arrive in South Africa | South African History Online", "Crossing the Kala Pani: cause for "Celebration" or "Commemoration" 150 years on? Philip's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region, and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony. Lennet South African Letesha South African Louw Afrikaans Louw is a surname that has pre 7th century Germanic origins. ): Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). In 1854, the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. [127], Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and bitter-enders launched a rebellion. du Toit is an Afrikaans surname of French origin, originally from Franois du Toit, a Huguenot who moved to South Africa in 1686. The ANC had risen to power on the strength of a socialist agenda embodied in a Freedom Charter, which was intended to form the basis of ANC social, economic and political policies. The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the Kew Letters, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate. The cash-strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions. As Cape Prime Minister, Rhodes curtailed the multi-racial franchise, and his expansionist policies set the stage for the Second Boer War. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. Whereas the San were hunter-gatherers, the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders. A list of references about Personal Names or Surnames at the Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the Library of Congress. [216] A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside, while domestic and international corporations, enriched by apartheid, were excused from any financial reparations. The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. Lerato By that time, more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic. From 19481994, South African politics was dominated by Afrikaner nationalism. As European settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land, they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier. [24], The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. Ransford, Oliver. Click. [213] The Charter decreed that "the national wealth of our country, the heritage of South Africans, shall be restored to the people; the mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people". 5. [109] In 1895 there was an investment boom in Witwatersrand gold-mining shares. [24], Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. [105][106], Although many tales abound, there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th century on the Witwatersrand (meaning White Waters Ridge) of the Transvaal. Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993, after South African and Cuban involvement had ended. Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was introduced . A president may serve a maximum of two terms. After 1806, a number of Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland, first in small groups. [7] The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region, propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian-based economy towards industrialisation and the development of urban infrastructure. -- 262 p. CS3080.S6 R6 Bibliography: p. 261-262. Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago. [22] Bantu-speaking communities reached southern Africa from the Congo basin as early as the 4th century BC. [89] The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. [177][178] In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. The independent Boer republic of Orange Free State evolved from colonial Britain's Orange River Sovereignty, enforced by the presence of British troops, which lasted from 1848 to 1854 in the territory between the Orange and Vaal rivers, named Transorange. Mani is the reduced form of the South Indian surname Subramanian. It is the tenth most common family name in the Republic of South Africa. While some maintained separateness, others were grouped into a category known as Coloureds, a multiracial ethnic group which includes people with shared ancestry from two or more of these groups: Khoisan, Bantu, English, Afrikaners, Austronesians, East Asians and South Asians. Johnson: This surname is a patronymic of John. Subsequent to the killing of the Retief party, the Boers defended themselves against a Zulu attack, at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838. Nala Origin: Somali, African Meaning: Us Alternative Spellings & Variations: Naala, Nale, Nahla, Nalla Last names come from indigenous, colonialist, and diasporic roots. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held 90 percent of the land. [212] In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders, Ndlambe and Ngqika, ended in Ngqika's defeat, but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief. [125], Among other harsh segregationist laws, including denial of voting rights to black people, the Union parliament enacted the 1913 Natives' Land Act, which earmarked only eight percent of South Africa's available land for black occupancy. [14][15][16] The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain.[17][18]. Providing important rest and refuelling stations, the Royal Navy could ensure vital sea lane connections to the British Raj, and the Far East stayed open. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.[115]. They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority, as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area. [64], Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians," building the base for what would become the largest Indian diasporic community outside India. Cuba had initially provided the MPLA with 230 military advisers prior to the South African intervention. Southern Africa was later populated by Bantu-speaking people who migrated from the western region of central Africa during the early centuries AD. Mannan: Mannan is a Hindu surname meaning 'king' in Tamil. [27], The VOC had settled at the Cape in order to supply their trading ships. The trade union movement was divided. Genocide: A History. Means "lion" in Tswana and Sotho. For the veterans among your South African ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions. [172][173], South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. There are 1,000 military records available for the last name South African. Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership, while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights. Lesotho, South Africa Kolobe Wild Hog Free State Bagananwa/Bahananwa Sesotho sa Leboa: South Africa Tshwene Baboon Bahurutshe, Limpopo Bahlakoana Sesotho Lesotho, South Africa Free State, Koena, families descending from Disema and Molapo, second and third born sons of Napo a Koena. The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS-related deaths in 2011 than in 2005. Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa was one of the important centers of human evolution. 27. Blignaut, Charl. [161] Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel, and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry with the help of Israel. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. Truth Commission Special Report: APLA attacks. Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals, so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia. Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. [52], The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR, not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa), is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal. The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be Lutherans. Kholwa (Southern African origin), meaning "believe" and is found in both Ndebele and Zulu cultures. There are 3,000 census records available for the last name South African. In the southeastern part of South Africa, Boer settlers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River, and in 1779 the First Xhosa War broke out. Meanwhile, the discovery of diamonds around Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal led to a later return to instability, particularly because they fueled the rise to power of the ambitious colonialist Cecil Rhodes. After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively designated a World Heritage site. Large corporations were allowed to shift their main listings abroad. Germany's Ludwig Loewe company, later known as Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionfabriken, delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896. [24] To this end, a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652. The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. Afumba (Zambian origin) meaning "when they plan". The settlers, incorrectly, believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves. Thabani m Southern African, Zulu, Ndebele. A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State. When the British refused, Kruger declared war. Leaders of the Communist Party of South Africa were mostly white. [93], The first diamond discoveries between 1866 and 1867 were alluvial, on the southern banks of the Orange River. Long-standing Boer resentment turned into full-blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first AngloBoer War, also known as the Boer Insurrection, broke out in 1880. 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