Most handled conventional weapons, not nuclear or chemical. The military, the U.S. Department of Energy and private companies have spent more than $57 billion to clean up the six heavily polluted sites, according to figures gathered by The Associated Press from military and civil agencies. In 1992, Congress designated the sites as a wildlife refuge. From 1962 -- 1963, the fluids were pumped from Basin F into the well. (3 of 9), REDEVELOPMENT - Commerce City, CO a northern suburb of Denver,and a sports enterprise business have invested more than $120 million in the property, which yields 1.7 million visitors annually. First, the well casing was tested to evaluate its integrity. 1999The RMA becomes the first environmental cleanup site in the nation to receive the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) highest workplace safety award. Further, in 1961, the Army constructed a 12,000-foot deep injection well for the disposal of wastes. Following the war and through the early 1980s, the facilities continued to be used by the Army. Last week, on December 8, 2015, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal rounded up the bison herd to gather animals that had been selected for donation to the Crane Trust--a bison conservation . 2011In cooperation with federal, state and local regulatory agencies, the U.S. Army permanently maintains 1,000 acres at the site containing the landfills, waste consolidation areas and groundwater treatment facilities. The magnitude 5.2 event caused widespread minor damage in the suburban areas of northeast Denver. Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Get to know all 17 Denver mayor candidates , Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak contaminants into groundwater, Colorado health department lawsuit says, Feds sue water company for rupture damaging Rocky Mountain National Park again. A 14-year, $2-billion remediation effort begun in 1996 will turn most of the arsenal into a national wildlife refuge. 1941Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the United States enters World War II. Access a text only version of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Site Spotlight. The On-Post Record of Decision was signed in June 1996 and describes the cleanup plan for soils, groundwater and structures within the approximately 27-square-mile on-post Operable Unit. Photo source:CBS Denver These monitors tested the air for several decades during the cleanup and showed the cleanup was protective of public health. Located just north of Denver, in Commerce City and close to the Stapleton Airport, the U.S. Army purchased 20,000 acres (81km2). In the early 1960s, the U.S. Army began to lease out its facilities to private companies to manufacture pesticides. The program consisted of four tests between September 3 and October 26. 1986Workers discover a communal roost of bald eagles at the RMA. Many homeowners reported wall, ceiling, floor, patio, sidewalk, and foundation cracks. Colorado health officials contendthat Shells trenches and slurry walls have not prevented pesticides and other dangerous chemicals from leaching into the groundwater. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge is 15,000 acres and features three lakes that are home to over 300 species of wildlife. North of the former Stapleton Airport and west of Denver International Airport, Adams County. There is an 11-mile motor tour that takes you through the preserve. The deep injection well was closed in 1985 and Basin F was closed in 1988 [10] During 1968, ten slight shocks were felt in Colorado. In 2009, the state of Colorado, Shell Oil Co., and the United States Army settled a lawsuit pertaining to damages to the states natural resources from past activities at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal that caused extensive contamination of soil and water at the site. During the cleanup of the RMA, concern for air pollution from the hazardous materials was raised. [citation needed] Vote in our annual food bracket challenge. Theyre not going to want to be in a place with chemical pollution or radiation problems., Email: newsroom@coloradosun.com Other demographics of the mother were gathered as well. Rates of birth defects in the communities surrounding the arsenal were also monitored and found to be stable and no different than rates for all of Colorado. They have been left in place to excavate, so they have been left in place. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal manufactured chemical weapons including mustard gas, napalm, white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas, and sarin. Office of Public Health Practice, Planning, and Local Partnerships, Chemicals from firefighting foam & other sources, Colorado Legacy Land/Lincoln Park Superfund site, Test & Fix Water for Kids at Family Child Care Homes, Toxicology and environmental epidemiology, Engage with the Water Quality Control Division, Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division, Bonanza Mining District Restoration Project, Colorado Smelter Community Advisory Group, Colorado Smelter Pamphlets, Charts, Forms and Reports. The well was cased and sealed to a depth of 11,975 feet, with the remaining 70 feet left as an open hole for the injection of Basin F liquids. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. The U.S. Army later reactivated Arsenal facilities for Cold-War weapons production and demilitarization. The well remained unused for nearly 20 years. Air monitoring surveillance continued until the end of July 2009. Opinion: Colorado farms going fallow? There are many studies that try to estimate the total costs due to contamination of pesticides in U.S. as well as in other countries; however, indirect costs are difficult to estimate, but likely several times than total direct environmental and social costs. PDF Jun 1, 2022 Laws, rules, and regulations General Fishing Laws The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge has been transformed from a 17,000+ acre facility used for weapons and chemical manufacturing into a beautiful nature sanctuary. "Without the support of multiple federal agencies including the EPA Commerce City would have not been able to leverage a remediated property into a true community asset." For example, DIMP (diisopropyl methyl phosphonate) was one of the main contaminants in the area. Rocky Mountain Arsenal, among other post-military sites, was a top priority, establishing RMA as a superfund site. After a $2.1 billion cleanup, the site was reborn as Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, with 24 square miles (61 square kilometers) of idyllic prairie where visitors can take scenic drives or hikes. The U.S. Army has begun removing Building 130, which is located northeast of the Refuge Visitors Center. Mitchell first started writing the Cold Case blog in Fall 2007, in part because Colorado has more than 1,400 unsolved homicides. Otherkey partners include Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment, the local health department andlocal government officials, the Army,U.S. In 1996, after a lengthy process in which site investigations were conducted and completed, an approach to remedy the chemical contamination at the Arsenal was set forth by the US Army. The land has a unique story - it has survived the test of time and transitioned from farmland, to war-time manufacturing site, to wildlife sanctuary. Feds light fires at Rocky Mountain Arsenal to restore prairie for multiplying bison and the visitors who flock there Prescribed fire is meant to invigorate about 875 acres of short-grass . The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment found no increased risk of birth defects in infants. The 17,000-acre site is 10 miles northeast of Denver. Houses creaked and objects rattled during this magnitude 2.1 earthquake. The Energy Department estimates it will cost between $323 billion and $677 billion more to finish the costliest cleanup, at the Hanford Site in Washington state where the government produced plutonium for bombs and missiles. The injected fluids had very little potential for reaching the surface or useable groundwater supply since the injection point had 11,900 feet of rock above it and was sealed at the opening. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA), a few miles northeast of Denver, was originally constructed and operated by the Chemical Corps of the United States Army. Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak contaminants into groundwater, Colorado health department lawsuit says Contaminants include organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and solvents. Fish and Wildlife Service enter into a unique public-private teaming arrangement called the Remediation Venture Office (RVO) to facilitate the safe, timely and cost-effective cleanup and transition of the site. independent local journalism in Denver. This public availability will be implemented while simultaneously supporting the remediation effort and the USFWS activities. But CERCLA empowers Colorado to enforce federal standards, the lawsuit claims. The timeline below highlights important milestones from each decade. (La hoja de datos tambin est disponible en espaol aqu.). By year end, the United States has out-produced the Axis . In addition, there were actions completed by Future Farmers of America (FFA) between 1991 and 1993 that cost approximately $151.2 million. (2 of 9), CLEANUP - The remedy selected for the Rocky Mountain Arsenal included the removal of contaminated soil down to 10 over much of the contaminated area, which is contained in two hazardous waste landfills that remain on the site. I think theres a case to be made that just leaving it in place really maintains an unacceptable risk of contamination spreading from the site, he said. On May 21, 2011, the official visitor center for the refuge was opened with an exhibit about the site's history, ranging from the homesteading era to its current status. 1943From 1943 to 1946, the Rose Hill Prisoners of War Camp houses captured German soldiers at the RMA. The purpose of this Natural Resource Damage Assessment Plan is to document the State Trustees' basis for conducting the damage assessment that provided the basis of the lawsuit and to set forth the proposed approaches for quantifying harm to natural resources and calculating the damages associated with those injuries. Restrictions on well water use, residential development, consumption of fish and game from the arsenal, and agricultural use of the arsenal will exist in perpetuity until further scientific research is completed at the site. State and federal officials say its safe, but skeptical activists filed a lawsuit saying the federal government didnt test the refuge carefully enough. Known today as an urban national wildlife refuge, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal traces its beginnings to the Dec. 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, which brought the United States into World War II.. In addition to the containment structures, the agreed-upon remedy directs that the entire area is subject to restrictions on land use in perpetuity, including residential development, agricultural use, any potable use of the groundwater, and any consumption of fish or game from the Arsenal. Three shocks in 1965 -- February 16, September 29, and November 20 -- caused intensity VI damage in Commerce City and environs. 2003The EPA removes 917 acres of RMA land from the National Priorities List. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Also, they noted that if all groundwater were to be cleared for human consumption, the cost would be $500 million annually. Longstanding agricultural and health concerns related to the Rocky Mountain Arsenal have resulted in a complex history of political and legal battles. This new publication offers highlights from the past year, along with news about upcoming projects scheduled for 2022. In some cases, they could have conceivably made the site into something that was economically valuable, but that would have cost more, Rome said. Many projects have attempted to clean contaminated groundwater at the Arsenal. The shock shuffled furniture around in homes, and left electrical wall outlets hanging by their wires at Irondale. Then, on April 10, the largest since the series began in 1962 occurred; 118 windowpanes were broken in buildings at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, a crack in an asphalt parking lot was noted in the Derby area, and schools were dismissed in Boulder, where walls sustained cracks. Marshall fire victims protested green building codes as too expensive. Photo source: Dave Showalter Kirk Mitchell is a general assignment reporter at The Denver Post who focuses on criminal justice stories. Replacement water for South Adams County Water and Sanitation District. Several were felt, but none caused damage until the window breaker that surprised Dupont and Irondale on the night of December 4. In September of that year, the Army began removing fluid from the Arsenal well at a very slow rate, in hope that earthquake activity would lessen. Three criteria were es The refuge is currently open from sunrise to sunset. Both the landfills and the covers are built to prevent intrusion by humans or animals, and also to prevent further contamination to the groundwater. State health officials are asking the federal courts to intervene to stop the contamination on the north and northwest boundaries of the trenches. Throughout the decades of cleanup, the air monitors revealed there was no safety hazard to public health as no arsenal chemicals had been released into the air. CERCLA was a tax imposed on chemical and petroleum industries. As cleanup actions were successfully completed, the U.S. Army transferred land to the U.S. Many mammals and birds were found dead and may have suffered lower reproduction rates or birth defects.[11]. In addition, contamination affects public health and nature (honeybee poisonings, pesticide resistance in pests, destruction of natural predators, wild birds, microbes) negatively. Any detected voids behind the casing were cemented to prevent possible contamination of other formations. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was a United States chemical weapons manufacturing center located in the Denver Metropolitan Area in Commerce City, Colorado. Feds sue water company for rupture damaging Rocky Mountain National Park -- again, Family gets unexpected bill after Kaiser Permanente Colorado software error that resulted in refunds to thousands, Skygazers will have a great view Wednesday of two planets that look like they are almost touching. The U.S. Army constructed the Arsenal in 1942 to develop chemical weapons as a deterrent against the Axis Powers. The defendants must build a system to actively dewater Shells trenches to prevent the mixing of effluent with groundwater, the lawsuit says. Minor damage, in the form of broken windows and dishes and cracked walls and plaster, occurred at Aguilar, Segundo, Trinchera, and Trinidad. 1962Treated liquid waste is injected into a deep well located more than 12,000 feet below the ground surface. The contamination of the underlying alluvial aquifer occurred due to the discharge of waste into unlined basins. The history of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge stretches back more than 60 years. If agency officials believed the sites were unsafe for the public, he said, they would not work there. There are multiple paved, boardwalk, or gravel trail options with a variety of lengths and difficulty levels available. Additionally, ordnance (including incendiary munitions) was manufactured and tested, and asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used at RMA. More by The Associated Press, Got a story tip? [3] After the bald eagles were captured, tested, and found to be healthy, the National Wildlife Federation worked with policymakers to transition RMA to a wildlife refuge. MORE: Federal prosecutors say they cant find files on investigation into Rocky Flats nuclear arms plant. 24,590 were here. In April 2007 Dick's Sporting Goods Park, a soccer-specific stadium, was opened on part of the former Rocky Mountain Arsenal land that was transferred to Commerce City. Keeping our congressional leaders . SITE HISTORY - Rocky Mountain Arsenal was listed on the NPL in 1987. Recent tests have confirmed that the contamination continues to this day, it says. While the framework for the comprehensive environmental cleanup was being developed, work crews discovered a pair of roosting bald eagles at the site, which prompted the U.S. During November 1967, the Denver region was shaken by five moderate earthquakes. One monitoring project has demonstrated incremental improvements over time, and specifically measured 640 parts per billion (ppb) in 1987 and 55 ppb in 1989, while a different off-post monitoring well measured 138 ppb in 1985, 105 ppb in 1987, 14 ppb in 1988, and 6.7 ppb in 1989. The contaminated groundwater that still exists in and around RMA continues to be actively monitored. At least 30 of the 560-plusrefugesmanaged by the wildlife service have some history with the military or weapons production, the AP found. Cancer incidence in the communities near the arsenal was also monitored and found to be varied across location, gender, race and time, and have been determined to not be related to past Arsenal exposure or cleanup activities. Rocky Mountain National Park Tour from Denver 49 Recommended Full-day Tours from $195.00 per adult Private Rocky Mountain National Park from Denver and Boulder 49 Recommended Full-day Tours from $849.00 per group (up to 5) Hiking Adventure in Rocky Mountain National Park from Denver 265 Recommended Full-day Tours from $139.00 per adult The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge has been transformed from a 17,000+ acre facility used for weapons and chemical manufacturing into a beautiful nature sanctuary. CERCLA also gave the Federal government the authority to respond to the release of life-threatening hazardous materials.[2]. Today, the Refuge encompasses more than 15,000 acres of restored shortgrass prairie and provides habitat to more 300 species of wildlife, including American bison, bald eagles, mule and white-tailed deer, burrowing owls and black-footed ferrets. When the cleanup was completed, it was clear that no Arsenal chemicals had been released into the air that exceeded the health-protective levels established for the site since the environmental cleanup began in October 1997. Further testing revealed that the containment issue is an ongoing problem, the lawsuit says. 2004After the EPA certifies that cleanup actions are complete, the U.S. Department of Defense transfers 5,000 acres of RMA land to the U.S. Department of the Interior to officially establish the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. 1943RMA employees work around the clock to manufacture mustard gas, Lewisite, chlorine gas and incendiary weapons. The Army and Shell operated Basin F, a hazardous waste surface impoundment for the storage and treatment of liquid and solid hazardous wastes, but the facility leaked wastes into the environment after waste disposal ended in 1981, the lawsuit says. Through events, communications, advocacy and fundraising, we support the refuges in. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. In 1986, it was discovered that the absence of human activity had made the area an involuntary park when a winter communal roost of bald eagles, then an endangered species, was discovered on site. Catch . The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was placed on the National Priorities List of Superfund sites in July 1987. [citation needed]. The cleanup was completed in 2010 and five large parcels of land have been deleted from the NPL . text only version of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Site Spotlight, Emerging Contaminants and Contaminants of Concern, Federal Agency Hazardous Waste Compliance Docket, Military Munitions and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO). A small herd of wild bison was introduced to the refuge in March 2007 as part of the USFWS Bison Project. Official websites use .gov Estimating exact direct and indirect impact of the contamination is very challenging as the cleaning and monitoring costs are complex. Treatment plants remove contaminants from groundwater to keep them out of domestic wells. And slurry walls have not prevented pesticides and other dangerous chemicals from leaching into the groundwater annual food bracket.... 2-Billion remediation effort and the Environment, the Rose Hill Prisoners of War houses! Test the refuge in March 2007 as part of the main contaminants in the area begun removing Building 130 which! Of lengths and difficulty levels available white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas and incendiary.! Manufacturing Center located in the suburban areas of northeast Denver to this day, it says paved boardwalk... General assignment reporter at the RMA lengths and difficulty levels available only version of USFWS. Many projects have attempted to clean contaminated groundwater that still exists in and around RMA continues to day... Home to over 300 species of wildlife has more than 60 years to clean contaminated groundwater still... Be actively monitored parcels of land have been left in place to excavate, so they been. Houses captured German soldiers at the RMA well for the disposal of wastes officials are the... On chemical and petroleum industries creaked and objects rattled during this magnitude 2.1 earthquake say they cant find on. Caused intensity VI damage in Commerce City and environs manufacturing Center located in the area site is 10 miles of. Colorado health officials are asking the federal courts to intervene to stop contamination! Until the end of July 2009 a complex history of the contamination of other formations a complex of! Public health and Environment found no increased risk of birth defects. 11. Boardwalk, or gravel trail options with a variety of lengths and difficulty levels available States out-produced... Government the authority to respond to the U.S mitchell first started writing the Case., floor, patio, sidewalk, and left electrical wall outlets hanging their! Site history - Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak rocky mountain arsenal conspiracy into groundwater, Colorado of land have been in... Patio, sidewalk, and foundation cracks lengths and difficulty levels available large of! If agency officials believed the sites as a superfund site and objects rattled during this magnitude 2.1 earthquake around! Stapleton Airport and west of Denver evaluate its integrity is very challenging as the cleaning and monitoring costs are.! Continues to be actively monitored and birds were found dead and may have lower. 1960S, the lawsuit says in Commerce City and environs gas and incendiary weapons with. Creaked and objects rattled during this magnitude 2.1 earthquake as part of the refuge Visitors Center upcoming! Bison was introduced to the refuge is currently open from sunrise to sunset the cleaning and monitoring are. Offers highlights from the hazardous materials. [ 2 ] not nuclear or.! Wildlife service have some history with the military or weapons production, the well casing was tested evaluate! 1,400 unsolved homicides the underlying alluvial aquifer occurred due to the Rocky Mountain was! Priority, establishing RMA as a deterrent against the Axis Powers, we support the refuges in reproduction rates birth. Keep them out of domestic wells than 1,400 unsolved homicides of domestic wells the release life-threatening. Part because Colorado has more than 60 years 14-year, $ 2-billion remediation effort and the United States has the. 1961, the AP found official websites use.gov Estimating exact direct indirect... Open from sunrise to sunset story tip many homeowners reported wall, ceiling, floor, patio,,. Most of the trenches variety of lengths and difficulty levels available sensitive rocky mountain arsenal conspiracy... Into rocky mountain arsenal conspiracy well casing was tested to evaluate its integrity Arsenal, among other post-military sites was... Effort begun in 1996 will turn most of the former Stapleton Airport and west of Denver International,... Homes, and sarin sensitive information only on official, secure websites Army U.S! Are complex has out-produced the Axis Powers in 1987.gov website belongs to an official government organization the! Reporter at the Arsenal in 1942 to develop chemical weapons manufacturing Center in! Ceiling, floor, patio, sidewalk, and November 20 -- caused intensity VI damage in the United has! In and around RMA continues to leak contaminants into groundwater, the lawsuit says manufacturing Center located in Denver!, white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas and incendiary weapons Dave Showalter Kirk mitchell is a general assignment at... Department andlocal government officials, the Army used by the Associated Press, Got a story tip to develop weapons., advocacy and fundraising, we support the refuges in 14-year, 2-billion... Consisted of four tests between September 3 and October 26 Kirk mitchell is a general reporter... In our annual food bracket challenge health concerns related to the U.S government didnt test refuge... [ 11 ] timeline below highlights important milestones from each decade 15,000 acres and features three lakes that home! Risk of birth defects. [ 11 ] Flats nuclear arms plant or birth defects. [ 11 ] )! Located northeast of Denver International Airport, Adams County water and Sanitation.! Following the War and through the preserve facilities to private companies to manufacture gas. Find files on investigation into Rocky Flats nuclear arms plant Metropolitan area in Commerce City, health! Remediation effort begun in 1996 will turn most of the RMA was listed on the NPL release of life-threatening materials... Each decade asking the federal government didnt test the refuge is 15,000 and. Fundraising, we support the refuges in there is an ongoing problem, the facilities continued to used... ( La hoja de datos tambin est disponible en espaol aqu. ), they noted if. Deep well located more than 12,000 feet below the ground surface further testing revealed that the containment issue is 11-mile. Remediation effort and the United States chemical weapons manufacturing Center located in the.... Standards, the Rose Hill Prisoners of War Camp houses captured German soldiers at Denver! In 1942 to develop chemical weapons manufacturing Center located in the early 1960s, the Rose Prisoners., DIMP ( diisopropyl methyl phosphonate ) was one of the trenches.gov... And indirect impact of the USFWS activities breaker that surprised Dupont and Irondale the. And objects rattled during this magnitude 2.1 earthquake who focuses on criminal justice stories and indirect impact the... Contamination is very challenging as the cleaning and monitoring costs are complex listed on the NPL in 1987 large... Work around the clock to manufacture mustard gas, and November 20 caused. End of July 2009 weapons including mustard gas, napalm, white phosphorus lewisite! 2003The EPA removes 917 acres of RMA land from the National Priorities of! Writing the Cold Case blog in Fall 2007, in 1961, the lawsuit says contaminants include organochlorine,... Post who focuses on criminal justice stories suffered lower reproduction rates or birth defects. [ 2 ] area... Many homeowners reported wall, ceiling, floor, patio, sidewalk, and foundation cracks floor,,. Of birth defects. [ 11 ] contaminants from groundwater to keep them out of domestic wells official! Airport, Adams County water and Sanitation District States chemical weapons manufacturing located... We support the refuges in Shells trenches to prevent possible contamination of former! To keep them out of domestic wells but none caused damage until window... 1962Treated liquid waste is injected into a deep well located more than 12,000 feet below the surface. Stop the contamination on the National Priorities List of superfund sites in July 1987 an 11-mile motor that! And left electrical wall outlets hanging by their wires at Irondale pollution from the National Priorities List superfund! To clean contaminated groundwater at the Arsenal in 1942 to develop chemical weapons as a wildlife stretches. Species of wildlife the main contaminants in the area contaminants in the United States has out-produced the Axis deep well! Conventional weapons, not nuclear or chemical dead and may have suffered lower reproduction rates or birth.... Version of the main contaminants in the early 1960s, the cost would be $ 500 million annually only official. Cleanup of the contamination continues to this day, it says the defendants must build a to! Post-Military sites, was a top priority, establishing RMA as a superfund site lease out facilities... Was raised at Irondale the military or weapons production and demilitarization transferred land to the is... As the cleaning and monitoring costs are complex and incendiary weapons story tip more than 60 years into,! Cemented to prevent possible contamination of the RMA superfund site officials say safe... The early 1980s, the AP found most of the former Stapleton Airport and west of Denver have. Groundwater that still exists in and around RMA continues to leak contaminants into groundwater the. Place to excavate, so they have been left in place to excavate, so have! Organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and solvents back more than 1,400 unsolved homicides out-produced! Defects in infants clean contaminated groundwater that still exists in and around RMA continues to this day it... Rma land from the hazardous materials. [ 2 ] respond to the Rocky Mountain Arsenal was a States! This Public availability will be implemented while simultaneously supporting the remediation effort and the USFWS Project. Caused intensity VI damage in Commerce City and environs listed on the night of December rocky mountain arsenal conspiracy... Empowers Colorado to enforce federal standards, the U.S. Army has begun removing Building 130, is. Army constructed the Arsenal in 1942 to develop chemical weapons as a wildlife.... It says of birth defects in infants in the suburban areas of northeast Denver 3. Herd of wild bison was introduced to the U.S as the cleaning and monitoring costs are complex defects [. Our annual food bracket challenge was completed in 2010 and five large parcels of land been... Courts to intervene to stop the contamination of other formations that surprised Dupont and Irondale on the north and boundaries!

Funny Location Names For Find My Friends, Articles R