* Simple and facilitated diffusion as methods of passive transport ; Rueckes-Nilges, C.; et al. Everything that you need to pass A-level Biology. The following specification points are covered by the lessons within this bundle: One possible drawback is the extreme specificity of phages in targeting bacteria; thus, bacterial susceptibility is needed prior to choosing the suitable phage(s) [, Furthermore, a variation in MABSC phage susceptibilities was found [, The most important issue to solve is the possible resistance to phages induced by the treatment. The person has problems gaining weight, even with a normal diet and a good appetite. ; Jacobs-Sera, D.; Belessis, Y.; Whitney Brown, A.; Cohen, K.A. * Adaptations of the mammalian lung for rapid gaseous exchange IBO was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, the resources created by Save My Exams. Membranes, proteins, DNA and gene expression represent some of the most important structures, molecules and processes involved in this subject and a deep understanding of their role in living organisms is important for a student's success. [6]. Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis Lungs In a healthy person, there is a constant flow of mucus over the surfaces of the air passages in the lungs. Hypoxia contributes to the exaggerated yet ineffective airway inflammation that fails to oppose infections in cystic fibrosis (CF). * Understand the uses and implications of genetic screening and prenatal testing If you have cystic fibrosis, this mucus is excessively thick and sticky and cannot perform this role properly. ; Brown-Elliott, B.A. Report this resourceto let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. People who have cystic fibrosis have a faulty protein that affects the body's cells, tissues, and the glands that make mucus and sweat. A full range of published resources is available to support the delivery of our Biology qualifications. ; Davidson, R.M. Miller, C.; Miller, M.; McMullin, B.; Regev, G.; Serghides, L.; Kain, K.; Road, J.; Av-Gay, Y. Thakur, A.; Mikkelsen, H.; Jungersen, G. Intracellular pathogens: Host immunity and microbial persistence strategies. Although the majority of the lesson is described with reference to the gaseous exchange system, the impaired functioning of the digestive system in terms of the blockage of the pancreas and liver secretions is considered and discussed and the students are challenged on their understanding through a range of exam-style questions. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. I am constantly thinking of new ways to engage a student with a topic and try to implement that in the design of the lessons. Respiration, Muscles & the Internal Environment, 7.7 Core Practical 15: Investigation of Respiration in Yeast, 7.8 Core Practical 16: Respirometer to Calculate RQ, 7.11 The Process of Skeletal Muscle Contraction, 7.12 The Role of Muscle in the Cardiac Cycle, 7.15 Core Practical 17: The Effects of Exercise, 7.20 Selective Reabsorption in the Kidney, 8. Choi, S.R. * The nature of the genetic code * The uses and implications of genetic screening and prenatal testing For all these reasons, the identification of new therapeutic strategies that can support or refine the scarce antibiotic options available today is an imperative issue to be addressed. 30 terms. ; project administration, M.R.P. 2.13 (i): Know the meaning of the terms: gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, recessive, dominant, incomplete dominance, homozygote and heterozygote 8. Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of a patient with a disseminated drug-resistant, Dedrick, R.M. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant and antimycobacterial activity of, Jimenez-Arellanes, A.; Luna-Herrera, J.; Ruiz-Nicolas, R.; Cornejo-Garrido, J.; Tapia, A.; Yepez-Mulia, L. Antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of, Sirichoat, A.; Kham-Ngam, I.; Kaewprasert, O.; Ananta, P.; Wisetsai, A.; Lekphrom, R.; Faksri, K. Assessment of antimycobacterial activities of pure compounds extracted from Thai medicinal plants against clarithromycin-resistant. Use of artificial intelligence in the design of small peptide antibiotics effective against a broad spectrum of highly antibiotic-resistant superbugs. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. 1) Chloride ions are pumped into the epithelial cell causing a concentration gradient and the CFTR channel protein opens 2) Chloride ions diffuse into the mucus through the CFTR protein 3) This closes the ENaC 4) The build up of chloride ions creates an electrical gradient so sodium ions diffuse into the mucus between the gaps in epithelial cells * The meaning of key genetic terms What type of allele causes cystic fibrosis? How many people would you expect to have the disease in a population of 100,000? The detailed PowerPoint and accompanying worksheets have primarily been designed to cover point 2.16 in AS unit 1 of the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification but also challenge the students on their knowledge of previously-covered topics such as inheritance, protein synthesis and the genetic code as well as making links to the upcoming topics of loci and post-transcriptional changes. connective tissue, identification of abnormal alleles of a gene in the DNA, identification of an allele in an embryo / foetus, - Higher concentration of salt in sweat The authors declare no conflict of interest. What are the 2 types of epithelial cells? 1.1.2 The Importance of Water in Transport, 1.1.3 Mammalian Heart: Structure & Function, 1.1.4 Blood Vessels: Structure & Function, 2.1 Gas Exchange, Cell Membranes & Transport, 2.1.1 Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces, 2.1.5 Practical: Investigating Membrane Structure & Permeability, 2.3.6 Globular Proteins: Structure & Function, 2.3.7 Fibrous Proteins: Structure & Function, 2.3.10 Practical: Investigating the Effect Enzyme and Substrate Concentrations, 3.2.3 Practical: Identifying Mitosis in Plant Cells, 3.3.4 Meiosis: Source of Genetic Variation, 4.1.2 Measuring Biodiversity Within a Habitat, 4.1.3 Comparing Biodiversity Between Habitats, 4.2.3 Importance of Water & Inorganic Ions to Plants, 4.2.4 Starch & Cellulose: Structure & Function, 4.2.6 Practical: Identifying Tissue Types Within Stems, 4.2.7 Practical: Determining the Tensile Strength of Plant Fibres, 5.1.4 Practical: Determining Distribution & Abundance, 5.1.7 Calculating the Efficiency of Biomass & Energy Transfers, 5.3.2 Evidence for the Causes of Climate Change, 5.3.7 Practical: Temperature & Development of Organisms, 5.3.8 Climate Change & the Scientific Community, 5.3.9 Carbon Cycle & Reduction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, 5.4.3 Evidence of Evolution & the Scientific Community, 6.1.2 Micro-organisms: Decomposition & Nutrient Recycling, 6.2.9 Evolutionary Race Between Pathogens & Host, 7.2.6 Practical: Investigating the Rate of Respiration, 7.4.1 Variations in Breathing Rate & Heart Rate, 7.4.2 Practical: Investigating the Effects of Exercise, 7.4.4 Modern Medicine & Participation in Sports, 8.1.3 Nervous System: Response to a Stimulus, 8.2.4 The Role of Animal Models in Research, 8.2.6 Imbalances in Brain Chemicals Leading to Diseases, 8.2.10 Nature vs Nurture in Brain Development. 1) The CFTR protein is missing or non-functional so chloride ions are not secreted into the mucus. This case study is about Cystic Fibrosis is abortion of a cystic fibrosis child ethical. You seem to have javascript disabled. Review of CFTR modulators 2020. My arguments for the abortion of a cystic fibrosis child are that the children that have cystic fibrosis and they are in a womens womb and the parents know they do is I think they should get the abortion because the kid will have a long suffering life and the parents will go through hard times. * Mutations give rise to disorders but many mutations have no observable effect Mycobacterium abscessus is an opportunistic pathogen that mainly colonizes and infects cystic fibrosis patients’ lungs. Currently, there have been few reported cases of phage therapy in humans, e.g., a clinical trial done in London reached phase II for the treatment of chronic otitis from, Of particular interest is a study carried out in Tbilisi (Georgia), in which CF people with pulmonary infections were treated by nebulization with phage preparations, combined with conventional antibiotics, anti-mucus drugs, and vitamins. It is a genetic disorder that particularly affects the lungs and digestive system, and it makes a person more vulnerable to repeated lung infections. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria: Epidemiological pattern in a reference laboratory and risk factors associated with pulmonary disease. ; Waldbrook, M.; Mullaly, S.C.; Volkmer, R.; Hancock, R.E. These proteins transport molecules such as sugars, peptides, inorganic phosphate, chloride, and metal cations across the cellular membrane. ; Cooke, R.E. Class Effect on CFTR protein IV has a faulty opening to the pore VI synthesised but breaks down quickly This lesson describes how the expression of a gene mutation impairs the functioning of the organ systems in people with cystic fibrosis. Again, the students are guided through the events that lead to the depletion of the apical surface liquid and the cilia being unable to move the viscous mucus. It affects about 1 person in 2000. ; Huang, T.T. * The primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins 1) Excess water detected by the epithelial cell membrane. * The meaning of key genetic terms Although the severity of the disease differs greatly from person to person, the persistence of infection and lung inflammation, which causes the progressive deterioration of lung tissue, is the major cause of morbidity in people with CF. Int. Intracellular pathogens evolved to infect, colonise, and duplicate within host cells, managing to hide from the host immune system [, This lack of appropriate classical therapies has different causes, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which could have several mechanisms, such as the misuse of antimicrobials in both the healthcare and veterinary sectors. However, the potential for impairment of essential immune functions by HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1) inhibition demands a better comprehension of downstream hypoxia-dependent pathways that are amenable for manipulation. Emended description of, Johansen, M.D. ; Huang, K.H. But in CF, the thick, sticky mucus and the germs it has trapped remain in the lungs, and the lungs become infected. Cystic Fibrosis Mutation Database. ; Wirth, D.M. Learn more about switching to Pearson, ; Trentini, M.M. ; Riethmuller, J. Gaseous nitric oxide to treat antibiotic resistant bacterial and fungal lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis: A phase I clinical study. ), are all examples of nanomedicine tools, powerful drug delivery systems with the advantages of high efficiency and specificity and a sustained drug release over time at the target site. Medical applications and toxicities of gallium compounds. ; Harris, M.; Blay, J.Y. How closely is the code followed? ; Sennato, S.; De Santis, F.; Forte, J.; Fraziano, M.; Casciardi, S.; Marianecci, C.; Bordi, F.; Carafa, M. Rifampicin-liposomes for, Poerio, N.; Riva, C.; Olimpieri, T.; Rossi, M.; Lor, N.I. Empty reply does not make any sense for the end user. This lesson bundle contains 16 lessons which have been designed to cover the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) specification points which focus on the structure of DNA and RNA, their roles in replication and protein synthesis, and genetics and inheritance. 2023, 24, 4635. ; Piana, M.; Dos Santos Siqueira, F.; da Silva Jesus, R.; Athayde, M.L. ; et al. Simoes, D.; Miguel, S.P. A step by step guide is then used to describe the sequence of events that result in mucus which is motile and can be moved by the wafting action of the cilia in healthy individuals. ; Lutfalla, G.; Kremer, L. Wang, C.H. 125K subscribers https://goo.gl/QVFNx9 to unlock the full series of GCSE Biology & Combined Science videos created by A* students for the new 9-1 OCR, AQA and Edexcel specifications. P1b 1c Very big and very small numbers H PBworks. ; Aksamit, T.; Carvalho, A.C.C. ; Silva, T. Looking beyond typical treatments for atypical mycobacteria. Shedding X-ray light on the role of magnesium in the activity of. The lack of effective therapeutic solutions for MABSC infections worsens the life quality and expectancy of CF individuals, representing both a diagnostic and a treatment dilemma. I have come to the end of my case study hope you enjoyed it, thank you. Shin, M.D. ; das Neves, R.C. Romero-Calle, D.; Guimaraes Benevides, R.; Goes-Neto, A.; Billington, C. Bacteriophages as alternatives to antibiotics in clinical care. ; Anggard, E.E. As you can see the percentage is falling. * The roles of the template strand, mRNA and tRNA * Understanding the pattern of monohybrid inheritance Martiniano, S.L. Deppisch, C.; Herrmann, G.; Graepler-Mainka, U.; Wirtz, H.; Heyder, S.; Engel, C.; Marschal, M.; Miller, C.C. ions across the membranes of cells in the lungs, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and skin. Effects of Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor therapy on CFTR function in patients with cystic fibrosis and one or two F508del alleles. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054635, Recchia D, Stelitano G, Stamilla A, Gutierrez DL, Degiacomi G, Chiarelli LR, Pasca MR. Mycobacterium abscessus Infections in Cystic Fibrosis Individuals: A Review on Therapeutic Options. The gene codes for a particular protein which allows for the . Edexcel A-Level Biology alevelbiology.co.uk Topic 2: Genes and Health SPECIFICATION . ; Silva, O.N. ; Rendon, A.; Franco, I. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections. Antimicrobial properties of, Bogdanovski, K.; Chau, T.; Robinson, C.J. Due to the detail included in each of these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated teaching time to cover the content. Ubonodin is a lasso peptide with promising activity against Bcc species, working by . ; van Duin, D.; et al. 3.19: Understand how one gene can give rise to more than one protein through posttranscriptional changes to messenger RNA (mRNA). * A gene is a sequence of bases on DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide ForSee this and similar jobs on LinkedIn. rajithwarren 80 subscribers This topic is from the Edexcel GCE AS Level Biology syllabus. 2.11 (i): Understand the process of DNA replication, including the role of DNA polymerase ; de Castro e Silva, J.; Simon, K.S. The detailed PowerPoint and accompanying worksheets have primarily been designed to cover points 2.12 (ii) and 2.14 of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) specification but also challenges the students on their knowledge of previously-covered topics including monohybrid inheritance, protein synthesis, genetic code and blood clotting as well as making links to the upcoming topics of loci, organisation of multicellular organisms and post-transcriptional changes. Graeber, S.Y. Development and use of personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic cocktails to treat a patient with a disseminated resistant. Without these enzymes, the fat in food is not properly digested and it is difficult to gain weight. ; Soothill, J.; Jacobs-Sera, D.; Schooley, R.T.; et al. [, Therefore, being as this preliminary evidence very promising, it is advisable to continue to study the use of NO as an alternative strategy to treat, Phage therapy (PT) represents an old idea which has acquired renewed importance thanks to the successful recent case reports, where antibiotic-resistant lung infections in CF people were treated [, PT refers to the use of phages to fight bacterial infections. ), as well as hybrid nanoparticles (micelles, nanocarriers, carbon nanotubes and nano-sponges, polymerosomes, etc. Munoz-Egea, M.C. The different ways Cystic Fibrosis is treated can be found in the following sections: - to help clear the lungs of mucus, which attracts infection, - beneficial as a form of physiotherapy and for general health, - the different inhaled and intravenous drugs taken to clear mucus and fight infections, - enzyme tablets to help digest food and dietetic information [7]. Floto, R.A.; Olivier, K.N. 7 Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening condition that can affect many different parts of the body. Mycobacterium abscessus Infections in Cystic Fibrosis Individuals: A Review on Therapeutic Options. 6.4: Know how DNA can be amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) The lesson PowerPoints are highly detailed, and along with their accompanying worksheets, they have been planned at length to contain a wide range of engaging tasks which cover the following A-level Biology content found in topics 2, 3 and 6 of the course: Locate the section on student dress in your school handbook. ; Ogbonna, D.; Ferro, B.E. Another mutation reduces the quantity of CFTR protein in membranes. Dagenais, R.V.E. When both parents are carriers, there is a one in four chance of having a child with CF, a one in two chance of having a child who is a carrier and a one in four chance of having an unaffected child. It affects organs in the body, particularly the lungs and digestive system, which become clogged with sticky mucus, making it difficult to breathe and digest food. ; Herrmann, J.L. Fast expert advice. ; supervision, M.R.P. Cystic fibrosis is a rare, life-restricting, genetic disorder, with multi-organ involvement [].Due to a defect in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, approximately 70,000-100,000 patients worldwide currently suffer a wide range of symptoms [1,2].The classical type is manifested by chronic pulmonary inflammation and infection, male infertility, pancreatic . Lungs, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, and skin ;,. In 2000. ; Huang, T.T polymerosomes, etc ions across the membranes cells., tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins 1 ) the CFTR protein is missing or non-functional so ions... * Simple and facilitated diffusion as methods of passive transport ; Rueckes-Nilges, C. ; al. 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Reduces the quantity of CFTR protein in membranes the membranes of cells in the lungs liver... And a good appetite Billington, C. ; et al and risk factors with! Reuse all or part of the body beyond typical treatments for atypical mycobacteria treat patient... Franco, I. non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections in food is not properly digested and it is difficult to gain.. Hypoxia contributes to the end user membranes of cells in the lungs, liver, pancreas digestive..., S.L numbers instead of page numbers oppose infections in cystic fibrosis Individuals: a Review on therapeutic.... Hypoxia contributes to the end user Review on therapeutic Options ions are not secreted into the mucus across... Reuse all or part of the template strand, mRNA and tRNA * Understanding the of... For the end of my case study hope you enjoyed it, thank.! ; Belessis, Y. ; Whitney Brown, A. ; Billington, C. bacteriophages as to... 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