Applicants need enough points to qualify for a skilled worker visa. After the referendum, EU immigration – and in particular EU8 immigration – fell sharply while non-EU immigration increased steadily. In the following two years this figure doubled, and then doubled again. Among Indians, the next most common citizenship in 2019 with 118,000 visas granted overall, the situation was the opposite: the majority of visas were granted for work (55%, 65,000) rather than study (32%, 38,000). Home Office. &?�Hν`����l0σ���8JҐ����u � ��!� Breaching the Kakhovka dam – who benefits? More information on work routes can be found in the Migration Observatory briefing, Work visas and migrant workers in the UK. Nonetheless, HESA provides the most detailed and reliable information about international students in higher education in the UK. Net migration of non-EU nationals - the difference between those arriving and those leaving - was 662,000. Formal and Informal Email Phrases – from Greetings to Closing Phrases! It is therefore important to consider several sources, along with their strengths and limitations. This was down by nearly one-third from 2015’s record high of 308,000 (46%). Net migration to Britain has exceeded 600,000 a year, new figures show, stirring tensions in a government that has promised both . You can apply and pay for your visa online. University of Oxford, Discover more about institutions in your ideal destination to find your perfect match. More…. The job you’re offered will need to be at a required skill level of RQF3 or above (equivalent to A level). New immigration routes have opened for applications to work, live and study in the UK. The rise is driven by people arriving. In the academic year 2018/19, roughly three-quarters (204,000) of the 267,000 international students in their first year of UK higher education were from non-EU countries, according to Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) data. Increasingly, this means China. 2017. Long-term immigration (those coming into the UK for more than 12 months) rose to 1.2 million for the year ending December 2022, an increase of 221,000 from the previous year. Contents. Extending your family visa. You can always narrow your search results later. After Soviet tanks drove into Budapest to crush the uprising, almost 200,000 Hungarians fled the country. 5: Immigration is keeping the UK population young. In any case, the government predicted that EU enlargement would only cause a rise of up to 13,000 people a year in immigration. Removed guidance on right to work checks that expired on 30 June 2021. You will not be able to use an EU, EEA or Swiss national ID card to enter the UK from 1 October 2021 unless you: In these cases, you can continue to use your national ID card to enter the UK until at least 31 December 2025. Total immigration was relatively stable between 2004 and 2018, with around 500,000 to 600,000 non-UK citizens moving to the UK in most years. Floods sweep region after huge Ukraine dam destroyed, Russia and Wagner clash over Ukraine attack claims, No means no: Japan is set to redefine rape, 'Thicko, cheat, underage drinker' - Key extracts from Prince Harry's statement, The fake job that snared FBI agent spying for Moscow. This trend would continue over the following decade, as instability in countries like Yugoslavia, Somalia and Iraq brought more refugees to the UK's door. Asylum in the UK can only be sought on UK soil. February 2020. What is the difference between centre and center? We’d like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. Read about our approach to external linking. This is a departure from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s, when most people who immigrated to the UK for work were citizens of non-EU countries. Except for during the early 2000s, asylum has been the least common reason for migrating to the UK, comprising about 5% of estimated annual arrivals between 2004 and 2018. var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1585309113039'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='200px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='2560px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='200px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='2560px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='577px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); While the Home Office provides figures on the total asylum claims lodged in a given year, some of these claims are made by those who were already living in the UK and there are no data on the duration of residence before the claim was made. In 2019, roughly 21,000 people (including dependants) were granted asylum, an alternative form of protection or were resettled as refugees in the UK, nearly three times the 2010 figure of 7,000 (Home Office, Table Asy_DO2). Since 2016, the year of the Brexit referendum, EU immigration has fallen - although more EU citizens still arrive in the UK than leave. The standard fee for a skilled visa is usually between £625 and £1,423. Open-air portraits of the 1956 Hungarian revolution victims in Budapest, Protesters at a rally against the 1971 Immigration Act, Thousands of Ugandan Asians fled to the UK after then-President Idi Amin ordered their expulsion, passengers docked in Essex on the Empire Windrush in 1948, from the West Indies, India, Pakistan and Africa followed, current UK residents were born in the Commonwealth pre-1971, were apologised to for being wrongfully deported or detained, Source: ONS, UK census, UK Government, BBC. Nor do we know the duration of asylum-seekers’ stay in the UK. In fact, they were the symptom of a new Cold War. In 2018, an estimated 217,000 people (including a small number of British citizens) moved to the UK to work, making up 36% of people moving for at least a year. The most striking differences are found when comparing estimates derived from the IPS with administrative data, such as the number of visas or grants of asylum issued. For more a detailed analysis of family immigration, see the Migration Observatory briefing, Non-EU Family Migration to the UK. I enjoy reading about the different generations. thanks helped a lot would recommend it to teachers and others. However, there have been important changes in the composition of immigration to the UK in recent years. Irish citizens can continue to freely enter, live and work in the UK. More than 1,000 migrants arrived in one day earlier this month . The majority of non-EU students are required to leave the UK after their studies have concluded (see the Migration Observatory briefing, Non-European Student Migration to the UK) and, of those, the very large majority do (Home Office, 2017). Getting a visa for your adult family member to join you in the UK. Due to the potential unreliability of IPS data in any given year, we chose to report on a three-year average, which brought the trend more in line with the visa data. Staying in the UK as the parent of a child who lives here. For a discussion of migration terminology and its effects, see the Migration Observatory briefing, Who Counts as a Migrant: Definitions and their Consequences. British nationals moving to the UK are excluded from the figures in this briefing where possible. Sir Keir Starmer has ruled out restoring freedom of movement and says the UK must wean itself off "immigration dependency". 18 Institutions offering Immigration Studies Courses In the UK Skip to main content / All countries / Europe / UK / Social Studies and Media / Sociology / Immigration Studies 18 Universities in the UK offering Immigration Studies degrees and courses More Information On Campus Online/Distance On Campus - online start More filters 4 Sort Here is a list of basic vocabulary pertaining to Immigration, Temporary Residency, Refugees, Multi-culturalism, and the Journeys and Scenarios of refugees and immigrants.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'myenglishteacher_eu-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',659,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'myenglishteacher_eu-medrectangle-4','ezslot_7',659,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-659{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Immigrant: a person who moves to a country they were not born in, Immigrate: to move to another countryif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'myenglishteacher_eu-box-4','ezslot_2',660,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'myenglishteacher_eu-box-4','ezslot_3',660,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-box-4-0_1');.box-4-multi-660{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Immigration Laws: laws connected with immigrants and immigration, Influx of immigrants: a large group/population of immigrants entering into a country, Illegal Immigrant: an immigrant person without permission to reside in a country, First generation immigrant: an immigrant or the child of an immigrant, Immigrant Community/Population: a group of immigrants who have been in a country for a short or long time, Migrant: a person who leaves their home country to reside in another, Economic Migrant: a person who leaves their home for better economic opportunities, Flood of Migrants: a large group of immigrants entering a new country. There is no general route for employers to recruit at or near the minimum wage. Types of Adverb Adverb Examples [All You Need], LIVE Video ››› Free Chat Rooms For English Learners, 6 Ways to Immediately Improve Your English Communication Skills, What does TBH mean? UK Visas and Immigration is responsible for making millions of decisions every year about who has the right to visit or stay in the country, with a firm emphasis on national security and a culture . These data classify students by domicile (rather than country of birth or nationality). Where do HE students come from? Check what is permitted under the visitor immigration rules before travelling to the UK as a visitor. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'myenglishteacher_eu-medrectangle-3','ezslot_8',662,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-medrectangle-3-0');Human mobility is a fundamental human right. For more information on settlement, see the Migration Observatory briefing, Settlement in the UK. For more information on the distribution of immigrants across the UK, see the Migration Observatory briefing, Where do migrants live in the UK? Overseas Students in the Immigration System: Types of Institution and Levels of Study. In 1992, the UK joined other EU nations in signing the Maastricht Treaty on European integration. Don’t include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. -m��.�7��b[k���s���g�N�˲�g7��ppU`��. Consequently, they and the 300,000 West Indians who followed them over the next 20 years, were known as the Windrush generation. EU, EEA and Swiss citizens can also use ePassport gates (this will be kept under review). They also usually pay unsubsidised tuition fees. I confirm I am over 16 and I agree to the Hotcourses, (only one grade type for your qualification). Here are five key turning points. Roughly two-thirds of all migrants who moved to the UK for work between 2013 and 2018 came with a definite job (ONS LTIM Provisional Estimates February 2020, Table 2). There are several reasons for this: There is no perfect source of data on migration to the UK. The YouTube immigration influencer, Mr Tiamiyu, says students who do not care about their education could undermine UK universities. The Migration Observatory briefing, Non-European Student Migration to the UK provides more detailed analysis and explanation of the available data on non-EU international students. Between 2010 and 2014, 29% were children – roughly 2,600 per year (Home Office, Table Asy_D02). The points-based system includes a route for skilled workers who have a job offer from an approved employer sponsor. Between 2004 and 2018, 61% of migrants who moved to the UK to work were EU citizens and were more likely than their non-EU counterparts to come looking for a job (ONS, IPS Table 3.08). The 2004 EU expansion set the stage for a sustained rise in annual immigration to the UK, driven primarily by EU citizens. This will either be the general salary threshold of £25,600 or the going rate for your job, whichever is higher. However, this freedom of movement came to an end on 1 January 2021. Information added from policy statement on the UK's points-based immigration system. This is in part because free movement rules allowed EU migration to be more responsive to changes in the external environment, such as the economic downturn in the UK in 2008, the Eurozone crisis in countries of origin, and the EU referendum. Keith Lowe is a historian, and author of several books on social change in post-war Europe. He also faces pressure from within his own party and the Tory-supporting press after figures published last month showed net immigration to the UK had increased from 488,000 in 2021 to 606,000 in . Local level data on the employment rates of UK’s foreign-born population can be found in the Migration Observatory Local Data Guide. 19 Universities in the UK offering Immigration Studies degrees and courses. In the aftermath of the war, the UK saw huge investment in public infrastructure. A BIG List of Prefixes and Suffixes and Their Meanings. This means there could be substantial changes to the data in coming years, which presents its own set of challenges. Government decisions in 2010 and 2012 to impose language and income requirements on non-EU citizens applying to join or accompany family made the family route more restrictive (Home Office, 2011; Sumption and Vargas-Silva, 2019). Our quickfire quiz... Jason Derulo makes 'unsexy' investment in car wash, Why the city that never sleeps is slowly sinking. The rise is driven by people arriving from non-EU countries on government-issued visas to study, work or join family members. Are you looking for Immigration Studies courses? Students from Nigeria were the next most common nationality of student visa holders, followed by Pakistan and Bangladesh. When you login first time using a Social Login button, we collect your account public profile information shared by Social Login provider, based on your privacy settings. How to forecast international migration. Share your qualification details to get more relevant results, including "Best match" universities with the latest entry requirements. introduced a series of laws limiting immigration. Why Putin has put this religious art on display, The one thing Mike Pence needs to beat his old boss. USA und der 4. 177 0 obj <>stream Looking for a top college in a safe city? 492passengers docked in Essex on the Empire Windrush in 1948, 910,000 peoplefrom the West Indies, India, Pakistan and Africa followed, 500,000current UK residents were born in the Commonwealth pre-1971, 18were apologised to for being wrongfully deported or detained. Asylum: a safe place; the right to be recognized as a refugee and receive legal protectionif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'myenglishteacher_eu-leader-3','ezslot_15',676,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-leader-3-0'); An Asylum-Seeker: a person wanting to enter a safer foreign country to escape fear or persecution in their home country, Stateless person: a person who is not a citizen of any country, Biculturalism: being of two different cultures. Sturge, G. 2019. No automatic deportation for EU citizens, says No 10, Ministers reverse May-era foreign student rules, Home Office rejects immigration detention limit, Floods sweep region after huge Ukraine dam destroyed, Russia and Wagner clash over Ukraine attack claims, No means no: Japan is set to redefine rape, 'Thicko, cheat, underage drinker' - Key extracts from Prince Harry's statement, The fake job that snared FBI agent spying for Moscow. 2017-2020 © Copyright – MyEnglishTeacher.eu, 80+ Immigration Terms ›› Vocabulary Related to Migration, Refugees, and Crossing Borders, 100 + Travel Words explained ››› Best Free Lesson, Travel, Trip, Journey, Tour, Voyage, Cruise, Crossing, Excursion …, Difference between Invoice and Bill ›› Invoice definition ›› Bill definition. Oxford, OX2 6QS, the Migration Observatory Local Data Guide, Non-EU citizens accounted for 62% of long-term immigration to the UK in 2018, Work and study are the most common reasons for moving to the UK – together making up 71% of long-term immigration in 2018 – while asylum is the least common reason, Following the Brexit referendum, long-term immigration to the UK for work declined, especially among EU citizens and people without a definite job lined up, International study grew steadily from the late 1990s to 2018/19, driven by students from non-EU countries – China, in particular, made up one-third of all first year international students in 2018/19, Family immigration has declined as a share of immigration since the 1990s and made up only 12% of long-term immigration from 2016 to 2018, although family members are more likely to settle permanently than people who come for work or study, Despite an increase in grants of asylum and refugee resettlement to the UK since 2015, asylum and resettlement comprised an estimated 6% of overall long-term immigration in 2018. It also annexed the Baltic States and parts of Poland. %PDF-1.6 %���� In 2022, 1,163,000 people came to the UK expecting to stay for at least a year, and an estimated 557,000 departed. In the event, more than a million people from these countries arrived and stayed over the next decade. When you apply, you’ll be asked to provide your biometric information. In the section about Baby Boomers you say they were alive during the Civil War. I)-ǚ* ��W��v��h�"E��>Ad��T�D��l�e In 2022, the government issued 485,758 student visas. Migration levels fluctuate from year to year, but over long periods, a useful measure of how much immigration a country has experienced is the size of the foreign-born population as a percentage of the population. Note that study does not provide a route to long-term settlement. You've reached your limit of 10 Favourites, Get top tips & guidance from our in-house study abroad experts, You are currently browsing our site with content tailored to students in your country. Aims: • To practise speaking skills, in the context of discussing migration • To practise writing skills, writing a poem about immigration and a postcard to a friend Age group: 12 - adult Level: B1 + Time: 60 - 90 minutes Materials: Immigration lesson plan, student worksheet and discussion cards. You will not have to give your fingerprints. Detained: holding or keeping someone in official custodyif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'myenglishteacher_eu-netboard-1','ezslot_32',683,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-netboard-1-0'); Sanitation: the state of being clean and to avoid health issues, Medical Aid: to give medical assistance or help to people or a cause, Deportation: to transport someone to their home country, Brain drain: the emigration of intellectual and educated people from a country, More for you:100 + Travel Words explained ››› Best Free LessonTravel, Trip, Journey, Tour, Voyage, Cruise, Crossing, Excursion …. A large majority of foreign-born UK residents live in England—90 percent in 2020—with 6 percent in Scotland, 2 percent in Wales, and 1 percent in Northern Ireland. For more detailed analysis of migrant workers in the UK, see the Migration Observatory briefings, Migrants in the UK Labour Market: An Overview and Work visas and migrant workers in the UK. Bombed cities were rebuilt, transport systems expanded and new institutions, such as the NHS, had to be staffed. Who migrates to the UK and why? Chat to a professional education counsellor for guidance, insight and advice. More women and girls were offered some form of protection but their share remained relatively stable at about 40% of annual grants of asylum and refugees resettled since 2010. We use cookies to offer you a better browsing experience with personalized content, relevant ads and enhanced functionalities. Under considerable pressure, the British government eventually cracked down on all forms of racial discrimination. Unterrichtseinheit zu "Immigration" mit Aktivitäten, Erwartungshorizont und role cards Der Unterrichtsentwurf zu "Immigration" kann als Einführung zur Lektüre des Romans "The Tortilla Curtain" von T. C. Boyle dienen. The Migration Observatory informs debates on international migration and public policy. Different data sources on migrants coming to the UK for different reasons or on different visa types can be difficult to compare because they are collected in different ways and often measure different things. Many moments have contributed to this transformation in net migration. In 2015 only one in ten wanted this. Guidance for employers is available on carrying out right to work checks on EU citizens and their family members in the UK. This highlighted a change of emphasis in immigration policy. Few people protested, possibly because these newcomers were balanced out by the tens of thousands of British people who moved away to other parts of the EU. Bilingualism: to speak two languagesif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'myenglishteacher_eu-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_18',677,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'myenglishteacher_eu-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_19',677,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-myenglishteacher_eu-mobile-leaderboard-1-0_1');.mobile-leaderboard-1-multi-677{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Multilingualism: to speak three or more languages, Humanitarian: to help general populations, people, and human rights, Aid: to help or support people or a cause, Infrastructure: the basic architecture of a system, organization, or civilization, Chaos: the state of being disorganized and uncontrollable, Desperation: to be in extreme distress from hopelessness, Danger: the possibility of physical or emotional harm, Great crowds accumulated to see the prince and princess’ new baby son.Fear: the extreme emotion of being scared, Loss: to lose someone or something; the emotion of losing something. Some of the first to arrive in 1948 were a group of 500 or so Caribbean migrants, who arrived on former troopship the Empire Windrush. Despite a marked increase in resettlement, however, grants of protection continue to make up a small share of overall immigration – an estimated 5% between 2004 and 2018 and 6% in 2018 alone (ONS, LTIM Provisional Estimates February 2020, Table 2 and LTIM Estimates, Table 1.01). For more detailed analysis and discussion of asylum and refugee resettlement, see the Migration Observatory Briefing, Migration to the UK: Asylum and Resettled Refugees and the House of Commons Library briefing on Asylum statistics (Sturge, 2019). You can still apply if either: Citizens of Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the United States of America, Singapore and South Korea - with a biometric chip in their passports - can continue to use ePassport gates to pass through the border on arrival. But it also introduced a series of laws limiting immigration. This included more non-EU workers in the health sector in particular, as well as more students in response to the growing demand for international study. Why North-South is not England's only divide, The surprising benefits of talking to strangers, announced the immediate expulsion of its entire Asian community, Read more about the Ugandan Asian Crisis in the BBC Briefing, Read more about EU migration in the BBC Briefing, - although more EU citizens still arrive in the UK than leave, end the free movement of EU citizens to the UK, government targets to reduce net migration, commissioned by the BBC from an expert working for an outside organisation, Andrew Tate 'choked me until I passed out', Hearings start in fight over Harry's US visa files. This effectively marked the end of the Windrush generation. Your selection is saved, until the step you saved. The share and composition of immigrants are not uniform across the UK. Official immigration data gathering was disrupted during the Covid-19 pandemic and there have been considerable changes to the way the figures are collected. We offer a full suite of UK visa and immigration services: Ancestry visas Partner visas UK visitor visas Dependant visa (children) Student visas UK business and investor visas Work holiday (Tier 5) visas EU Citizens Moving To UK UK Visa extensions Skilled Worker visa We work according to a strict "no visa, no fee" policy. The first to arrive in the UK were about 120,000 Poles, who arrived in 1945; the substantial Polish communities in Manchester, Bradford and west London date from this time. In the year ending September 2019, the estimated number of international students moving to the UK outstripped workers, although, taking into account the margins of error that accompany the data, this is not a statistically significant change from the previous year. It accounted for 38% of all long-term immigration between 2000 and 2018. A new immigration route has opened today (1 July 2021), allowing international graduates to kick-start their careers in the UK after they have finished their studies at a UK university. 2015. Following the 2016 referendum result, work-related immigration decreased due to a decline in EU immigration. Free movement with the European Union (EU) ended on 31 December 2020 and there are new arrangements for EU citizens. E: migrationobservatory@compas.ox.ac.uk, T: +44 (0)7500 970 081 Work – Non-EU citizens coming for work must apply for one of a range of work visas that are available for different purposes and with different requirements, most of which are part of the UK’s ‘points-based system’. Workers who are granted a visa must be paid at least £10.10 an hour. Der Mit dem Roman wird das Thema "Immigration into the US" exemplarisch behandelt. var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1585309380287'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='200px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='2560px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='200px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='2560px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='627px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); Meanwhile, the number and share of first year EU students in higher education was broadly flat at about 61,000 per year, or between one-quarter and one-third of all first year international students. With FastLane, get an instant ‘Offer in principle’ at your dream university, Answer a few questions and our course matcher will do the rest. This represents a record high, and an increase of 118,000 on 2021. Find out more about cross-border study. 0 From January 2021, however, it is expected that all non-UK citizens, with the exception of Irish citizens, will face broadly the same immigration controls. Choose the right institution in the UK for you or alternatively, try using our course matcher tool to identify the best institution for your study criteria. The UK has introduced a points-based immigration system. Updated the lower-skilled workers section for clarity. In 2018, for example, London made up 13% of the UK’s population but received closer to 30% of all non-British immigrants (ONS, IPS Table 4.04 and 2018 Mid-Year Population Estimates, Table MYE2). UK Government. Nevertheless a new principle had been set. The type of visa may also not align with the motivations of the individual or their activities while in the UK – those on student visas, for example, are permitted to work a specified number of hours. Students on postgraduate courses could also apply for visas for qualifying dependants: husband, wife, civil or unmarried partner and any children under 18 years old. About 100,000 people from Ukraine and the Baltic States also came to the UK for similar reasons. While non-EU migration did fall following new restrictions on work, study and family immigration rules from 2010-2012, these declines had been reversed by 2018, primarily as a result of growing work and study-related migration from non-EU countries.

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